23 1 8 TUBE-NOSED BIRDS, DIVING BIRDS, PENGUINS 



peror penguin (A. forsteri}, of the Antarctic seas. In addition to their large size, 

 these species, as shown in our colored plate, are characterized by the great length and 

 slenderness of the beak, which is slightly arched, and the absence of any crest on 

 the head. In the former the color of the head, neck, and throat is brownish black; 

 the region behind the ear having a pear-shaped patch of yellow, continued as a 

 streak down the sides of the neck, and meeting on the upper breast; while the whole 

 of the upper parts are iron gray, and the under surface glistening white, faintly 

 tinged with yellow. In the emperor penguin the yellow area is limited to a small 

 patch behind the eye. Specimens of this species brought to England by Ross, 

 stand, as mounted, just under three and one-half feet in height; while the largest 

 example captured by him weighed seventy-eight pounds. Closely allied to these is 

 the gentle penguin (Pygoscelis ttzniata}, of Kerguelen Land and the Falklands 

 a species inferior in size only to the king penguin, and commonly known as the 

 " Johnny." Devoid of a crest, this penguin is distinguished from the preceding by 

 the long and pointed red beak being stouter and more feathered. In color the 

 plumage of the back is blackish and that of the under parts white; the dark of the 

 back being continued onto the head, the summit of which is marked by a conspicu- 

 ous white patch. 



The crested penguins, as represented by the "rock hopper" (Eudyptes chryso- 

 coma), of the Falkland islands, the yellow-crested penguin (. pachyrhynchus) , of 

 New Zealand and the Antarctic, and several others belong to a third genus, charac- 

 terized by the smaller size of its members, the short, deep, and compressed beak, in 

 which the upper jaw has a distinctive oval form, and the presence of a pair of 

 yellow crests on the sides of the head, which are continued forward as streaks above 

 the eyes to the neighborhood of the base of the beak. In the rock hopper these 

 crests are much elongated, attaining a length of from three to five inches, while in 

 the New Zealand species they are much shorter, never exceeding a couple of inches 

 in length. The total length attained by the latter species is twenty-seven inches. 

 Nearly allied is the little blue penguin {Eudyptula minor), of Southern Australia 

 and New Zealand, which does not measure more than nineteen inches in length, and 

 has no yellow streaks or crests on the head; the general color of the plumage of the 

 upper parts being light blue with a median black line down each feather, while the 

 under parts are dazzling white. Fossil remains of both these genera occur in 

 the superficial deposits of New Zealand. The remaining penguins are included in 

 the genus Spheniscus, of which the black-footed penguin (S. demersus}, of South 

 Africa, Humboldt's penguin (S. humboldti), of Western South America, and the 

 jackass penguin (S. magellanicus} , of the Falkland islands are well-known examples. 

 In these the beak is straight and moderately short, but very wide and deep, with 

 the tip of the upper mandible slightly hooked, and that of the lower truncate. 

 There are no crests, and the metatarsus is relatively long. In the adult of the 

 black-footed penguin the general color of the plumage is bluish gray above, and 

 white below; a band the color of the back extending (as in Humboldt's penguin) 

 from the front of each thigh up the sides to form an arch on the front of the neck, 

 while the white of the throat is continued upward on the sides of the neck to 

 form a line through the eye. The total length is about twenty-six inches. In 



