INTRODUCTION 5 



flowering, those crossed with the Alpine species remain 

 like true perennials, and are easily increased. The term 

 ' Pansies ' is a good one in all ways. Without an English 

 name, we shall always have confusion with the Latin 

 name for the name of the wild species. To all of these 

 belongs the old Latin name of the genus Viola. It is now 

 agreed by botanists that all cross-bred garden plants 

 including Tufted Pansies, of course should have popular 

 English not Latin names. ' Bedding Viola ' is a vulgar 

 compound of bad English and bad Latin; whereas ' Tufted 

 Pansies ' is a good English name with a clear meaning." 



To help us still further to classify them more easily, 

 we will read what the late Dr Stuart who did so much 

 for the Tufted Pansy says : 



" Botanically, Violets, Pansies and Heart's-ease are all 

 the same. Tufted Pansies are crosses from the Garden 

 Pansy and Viola cornuta, the latter being the seed-bearer. 

 Pollen from Viola cornuta applied to the Pansy produces 

 a common enough form of bedding Pansy never the 

 tufted root growth obtained when the cross is the other 

 way. I have proved this by actual hand-crossing. 

 Most strains of Tufted Pansies are bred the wrong way, 

 and in consequence lack the fibrous tufted root which 

 makes the Violetta strain perennial." 



Some contend that the Pansy is the result of con- 

 tinuous selection of seedlings from Viola tricolor, whilst 

 others maintain that the result was arrived at by the 

 intercrossing of V. tricolor, V. cornuta, V. altaica, V. lutea 

 and V. grandiflora. In all probability the Pansies and 

 Violas we now grow are really the outcome of the use 

 of all the above-mentioned species. 



Professor Hillhouse gave some interesting notes in a 

 paper, which he read before the Viola Conference in 

 1895, and which may not be out of place to quote here. 

 He points out that " the natural results of insect 

 fertilisation, should species be grown together which are 



