THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. 105 



hot wind, if any there be, or in the direction of east and west if there 

 are no hot winds in the district. The spaces between the rows will 

 thus catch the morning sun, which is of importance when we dry on 

 trays between the vines. 



Less roads will be needed in the vineyard, as the larger distance is 

 sufficient to enable any teams to pass between every row of vines, and 

 distribute trays, boxes, etc. , without interfering with the vines. The 

 saving thereby of labor in carrying the boxes and trays is quite an 

 item in vineyards where the vines are planted say eight by eight 

 feet or closer. 



I,a nd Scrapers. 



The trimmings of the vines can be burned in the vineyard between 

 the rows, and will thus help to fertilize the soil. Besides, the expense 

 of hauling the trimmings away will be saved. 



The Marking Out of a Vineyard. As any 



knows how to stake out an orchard or vineyard, a minute description 

 is not here needed. I will only indicate the most important points. 

 Cut a large number of small pegs, one inch or so square and a foot or 

 so long. Next get two lines of twisted wire, each say 150 feet long. 

 Mark off on one wire every five feet by inserting a small, bright copper 

 wire in the twist, and wind it around the iron wire three or four times, 

 enough to show the place. On the other wire mark off similarly every 

 ten or eleven feet, always supposing these are the distances decided 

 upon. Now stretch one of the wires along one end of the future vine- 

 yard and call this line the base line No. i . Set a peg close to every 

 copper ringlet, on the side of the wire away from the vineyard. When 

 done, stretch the other wire, No. 2, at a right angle with the former, 

 and set pegs similarly. Remove wire No. i from base line No. i and 

 stretch it at the end of wire No. 2, parallel to the base line. Call this 

 base line No. 2. Set pegs as before every eight feet. It is now evident 

 that, by stretching successively the wire No. 2 between the pegs set on 

 the two base lines, and by setting cuttings or rooted vines close to the 



