THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. 



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traces of the Harness are fixed. Such a singletree will glide by the 

 branches without giving them a chance to catch anywhere. Similar 

 singletrees, or even doubletrees, should be used wherever vineyard 

 work is to be done, and they have the double advantage of being 

 cheap, practical and easily made by any farmhand handy with tools. 



Cultivation. The cultivation should always follow the plowing 

 immediately, so as to prevent the soil from baking, and so as to tear 

 up the roots of the weeds which have been partially dislodged. The 

 first cultivation, which should always be in the same direction as the 

 plowing, should be followed by cross-cultivation. The latter brings 

 the soil back towards the vines, filling up the hollow formed by the 

 throwing of the soil from the vines. 



Raisin Vineyard Diamond-tooth Cultivator. 



Back-furrowing. Later on, when the weeds have to some extent 

 decayed, a double-shovel plow is by some growers used for turning a 

 part of the soil back towards the vines. One round of this plow on 

 each side of the vines is all that is required, as the repeated cultivation 

 that should be carried on in a vineyard will generally suffice to bring 

 the balance of the soil back from the center of the land towards the 

 vines. 



Cross-plowing. Cross-plowing is not absolutely needed, and in many 

 places not even possible, as where the vines are planted closer one way 

 than the other. But wherever plowing can be done both ways, the 

 land will be benefited by being plowed one way one year and the other 

 way the next year, so that in course of time all the soil will be regu- 

 larly broken up. When there is plenty of time and enough labor, 

 cross-plowing the same season will greatly benefit the vines. 



