THE STEM OR TRUNK. 89 



applied to the corresponding part of other plants, except those 

 of the grassy kind. 



The stem may be succulent,, woody, fleshy, or medullary, 

 that is, containing a pith, or iv may be empty, or hollow. 

 This kind of stem is therefore subdivided as follows : 



(a) Caulis ligneus, woody stem. Ex. Oak, Birch. 



(b) Caulis medullosus, a pithy stem. Ex. Elder. 



(c) Caulis tubulosus, a hollow stem. Ex. Dill, Fennel. 



(d) Caulis simplex, a simple stem. Ex. Lily, Bamboo. 



(e) Caulis ramosus, a branched stem. Ex. Poplar, Oak. 



(f ) Caulis nudus, a naked stem. Ex. Saltwort. 



(g) Caulis perfoliatus. Stem passing through a leaf. Ex. 

 Boneset, or Thoroughwort. 



(h) Caulis volubilis, a twining stem. Ex. Bean, Hop. 

 Some stems twine to the left, and others to the right. All 

 stems of the same species, twine in the same direction. 



2. CULMUS, a Straw. The culm, not only includes the 

 stems of the grasses and grains, but also those of other plants 

 which resemble these. Culms are of several kinds, as fol- 

 lows, viz. 



(a) Articulated culm, a jointed straw. Ex. Wheat. 



(b) Geniculated culm. A straw bent like the knee joint. 

 Ex. Fox-tail grass. 



(c) Simple culm. A culm without joints. Ex. Rush. 



3. SCAPE. Flower stem. This is an upright stem, which 

 springs from the root, and bears the flower and fruit, but not 

 the leaves. Ex. Daffodil, Cowslip. 



4. STIPE. The stipe is the stem of the Mushroom, or 

 Fungus tribe. This term is also employed to express the 

 little stem, or pillar, which elevates the down in the Dande- 

 lion, and Thistle. 



5. FROND. This term is applied to such plants as have 

 their stems and leaves in a single piece, as the Ferns. These 

 plants bear their seeds on the backs of their fronds, or rolled 

 up in them. It applies only to Cryptogamous plants. 



6. Peduncle, or flower stalk. This stem shoots out from 

 the limb, or twig of the tree, and bears the fruit only. The 



What part of the plant is the stem ? What are the different kinds of 



stems, and what are examples of each kind ? What is a culm ? What is 



a geniculated culm ? What is a simple culm ? What is a scape ? What 



is a stipe ? What is a frond ? What part of the plant is the peduncle ? 



8* 



