228 NATURAL. 



either in quality, shape, or habit. Thus in this class and 

 order we have Comfrey and Henbane, Thorn-apple, and the 

 Grape-vine; Honey-suckle, and Red pepper; Ivy, which 

 runs fitly feet high, with Claytonia, only two inches high. 

 And in the class Enneandria and order Monogynia, we have 

 in like manner, the Cinnamon tree, associated with the Ca- 

 shew nut, &c. 



In the Natural arrangement to be explained, on the con- 

 irary, the parts on which the Linnaean System is founded, 

 viz. stamens and pistils, the corolla arid calyx are regarded 

 no further than is consistent with other points of relation- 

 ship. In the words of Professor Lindley, " the affinities of 

 plants may be determined by a consideration of all the points 

 of resemblance between their various parts, properties and 

 qualities ; and thence an arrangement may be deduced in 

 which those species will be placed next each other which 

 have the greatest degree of relationship ; and consequently 

 the quality or structure of an imperfectly known plant may be 

 determined by those of another which is well known." 



According to this system, therefore, it is not the property, 

 habit, or number of stamens taken separately, that determines 

 the place of a species, but all these characters taken in con- 

 nection. Hence it will be obvious to the experienced botanist, 

 that the vegetable kingdom, by this arrangement, must be di- 

 vided into a very large number of families or orders. 



But, as preparatory to these smaller divisions, this system 

 separates all vegetables into two great classes, founded on 

 their structure, or organization. These classes are called 

 Vasculares and Cellulares. The first includes all the Lin- 

 naean plants which are classed by their stamens and pistils, 

 and consequently all vegetables, except the class Cryp- 

 togamia. These are called Phenogamous, or Flowering 

 plants. The second class, Cellulares, includes all plants 

 not embraced in the first, and are called Cryptogamous, 

 Agamous, or Flowerless plants. These two divisions are 

 further characterized by the different modes in which the 

 plants belonging to each are propagated. All flowering 

 plants are propagated by seeds which are the result of the 

 mutual action of stamens and pistils, and which are 

 composed of one or more parts, called Cotyledons. Hence 

 this division is sometimes called COTYLEDONOUS. The 

 flowerless plants, on the contrary, have no seeds properly 

 so called, but are multiplied by minute bodies, called spo~ 



