244 PROTOPLASM 



of the nuclear membrane, I will not examine how this firm 

 surface of the nucleus is composed or takes origin. If, how- 

 ever, as cannot be doubted, the surface of the nucleus is 

 actually firm, then the layer of alveoli of the protoplasm 

 bordering on it must necessarily be arranged radially to it, 

 and numerous discoveries confirm this, as has been said. 

 Only one must not expect to see anything for certain of 

 these things in shrunk or otherwise deformed nuclei. I 

 will not attempt to show further in this place that the 

 outermost radiate layer of the so-called nuclear framework 

 must be regarded from the same point of view, since in 

 this work it is not my intention to touch on the general 

 relations of nuclei. We find, however, a further confirmation 

 of our theory in the existence of this radiating layer round 

 the nucleus ; it can also be predicted with certainty that round 

 every solid body which makes its appearance in the proto- 

 plasm, the same phenomenon will repeat itself, although I 

 have not as yet found any opportunity of paying attention 

 to this point. 



Since, therefore, we have found important grounds for 

 the correctness of our view of the froth-like nature of proto- 

 plasm, in the aggregate condition of the protoplasm, and in 

 the appearance of the radiate layer round vacuoles, nuclei, 

 and on the surface of the protoplasmic body, I must here 

 once more draw attention to the very great general simi- 

 larity between foams produced artificially and protoplasm. 

 Since the figures and photographs give sufficient confirmation 

 of this assertion, it will not be necessary to discuss the 

 point more fully. I only point out more especially the 

 agreement in the size of the alveoli in both instances, and 

 enter briefly into their similarity in other points. 



(y) Granular Enclosures in Protoplasm, and Corresponding 

 Position of Soot Particles in the Artificial Foams 



In describing the structure of protoplasm we found it 

 the rule throughout that granular enclosures always lie 

 in the framework, and in fact in the nodal points of the 

 alveolar meshwork. Now I have tried to discover how the 



