126 INJURY TO TREES AS A CRIME 



pose of the timber, the indictment or information must 

 allege and the government must prove the intent necessary 

 to the establishment of the unlawful act. * The only in- 

 tent which must be proven under these acts is the intent 

 to export or dispose of the timber contrary to the statute. 2 

 Although the act of March 2, 1831, which formed the basis 

 of section 2461 of the Revised Statutes of 1878 afforded a 

 special protection to live oak and red cedar on lands re- 

 served by the United States for naval purposes, it also im- 

 posed penalties for the cutting and removal of other species 

 from either the naval reserves or other public lands. 3 The 

 offenses of cutting and of removal have been held distinct. 4 

 A criminal liability arising under such an act may be com- 

 promised by the Secretary of the Treasury upon the recom- 

 mendation of the Solicitor of the Treasury. 5 



In an indictment charging the defendant with a violation 

 of the Federal statute prohibiting the unlawful cutting or 

 removal of timber from public lands of the United States, 

 it is not necessary to recite that the defendant committed 

 the act "knowingly" 6 or "unlawfully," 7 to describe par- 

 ticularly each kind of timber cut, 8 to show the use made of 

 the timber, 9 or to allege that the cutting was not justified 

 under any law of the United States 10 However, an indict- 

 ment must allege a cutting upon lands of the United States, 

 describe the lands on which the alleged cutting was done by 



1. TJ. S. v. Hacker, 73 Fed. 292 (1896) under sec. 4, Act of June 3, 1878; U. S.v.Gar- 



retson, 42 Fed. 22 (1890). Under se:. 5388, U. S. R. S. (Boxing trees.) U. S. v. 

 Leatherbury, 32 Fed. 780 (1887). Under sec. 2461, U. S. R. S. (Boxing trees). 



2. U. S., v. Teller 113 Fed. 273, 51 C. C. A. 230. 



3. U. S., v. Shiver 159 U. S. 491, 16 S. Ct. 54, 40 L. Ed. 231. 

 U. S. v. Briggs, 9 Howard (U. S.) 351, 13 L. Ed. 170. 



Teller v. U. 8., 113 Fed. 273, 51 C. C. A. 230; U. S. v. Stone, 49 Fed. 848. 



U. S. v. Stores, 14 Fed. 824, 4 Woods 641 ; U. S. v. Smith, 11 Fed. 487, 8 Sawy. 100. 



U. S. v. Schuler, 27 Fed. Cas. No. 16234, 6 McLean 28. 



U. S. v. Redy, 27 Fed. Cas. No. 16133, 5 McLean 358. 



Ely v. U. S., 3 Fed. Cas. N . 1581, 4 Dill 464. 



U. S. v. Soto, 7 Ariz. 230, 64 Pac. 419. 



19 Opin. Atty. Gen'l, 381. 



4. U. S. v. Schuler, 27 Fed. Cas. No. 16234, 6 McLean 28. 



5. Sec. 3469. U. S. Rev. St. 1878. 



But see letter Nov. 15, 1886, Sec'y Interior to Sec'y Treasury, 5 L. D. 240. 

 And see Attorney General's instructions to U. S. Marshals, Attorneys, Clerks, and 

 Commissi ners, issued June 1, 1916, paragraph 740. 



6. U. S. v. Schuler 27 Fed. Cas. No. 16234, 6 McLean 28. 



7. U. S. v. Thompson 28 Fed. Cas. No. 16,490, 6 McLean 56. 



8. U. S. v. Redy 27 Fed. Cas. No. 16, 133, 5 McLean 358. 



9. U. S. v. Stone 49 Fed. 848. 

 10. U. S. v. Stone 49 F d. 848. 



