The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 



The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are 

 not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the 

 Hepialidce there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is 



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OTTV 



Fig. 12. Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson's "Moths of 

 India," Vol. I., with modifications.) 



cm. Costal margin. 

 o.m. Outer margin. 

 i.m. Inner margin. 

 a.a. Apex. 

 i. a. Inner angle. 

 c. Discoidal cell. 

 d. Discocellulars. 

 ar. Areole. 

 f. Frenulum. 



Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing. 



c.n. Costal nervure, vein 12 of fore wing, 



8 of hind wing. 

 s.n. Subcostal nervure. 

 m.n. Median nervure. 

 1 a, b, c. Three branches of internal nervure. 

 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure. 



5. Lower radial. 



6. Upper radial 



7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing. 

 7 . Subcostal nervure of hind wing. 



known as the jugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical 

 functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast 

 majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings 

 is made by means of the frenulum on the hind wing, which hooks 

 into the retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14. 

 The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of 

 specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single 

 curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females 

 it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some 



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