The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 



groups, as the Phycitince, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. 

 In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function 

 is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of 

 the basal portion of costa of the hind 

 wing. The nomenclature of the parts 

 of the wings of moths is not essentially 

 different from that which is employed 

 in describing the wings of butterflies. 

 There are, however, certain conventional 

 terms which have been applied by authors 

 to the markings upon the wings, espe- 

 cially of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will 

 serve to explain and illustrate these terms. 



A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical 

 structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be 



Fig. 13. Wings of 

 Hepialus gracilis. Mag- 

 nified, j, jugum. 



Fig. 



-A /^0\^> --n G&s~- * n 



^ fr--- "< B ra*\^"*"^- m.>L 



*\. :;-.-- i.n. ^ '''- i.n 



1 2 



14. Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From "Moths of India," Vol. I.) 



1. $ ; 2. $. A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing. 



/. Frenulum. s.n. Subcostal nervure. 



r. Retinaculum. m.n. Median nervure. 



c.n. Costal nervure. i.n. Internal nervure. 



derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, 

 reference to which will be made hereafter as the various families 

 are successively taken up and studied. 



Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec- 

 tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock's 

 "Manual for the Study of insects." A very useful treatise is 

 found in Professor David Sharp's two volumes upon the Insecta 

 contained in the " Cambridge Natural History." Every student, 

 as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent 

 occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results 

 of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of 



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