THE IDEAS AND SOURCES OF MYTH. 21 



there are, excluding some psychical elements, many 

 and important points of resemblance between man- 

 and animals in the exercise of their consciousness, 

 intelligence, and emotions, if indeed they are not 

 identically the same. The comparative psychology 

 of man and animals plainly shows that the per- 

 ceptions, both in their respective organs and in their 

 mode of action, act in the same way, especially 

 in the higher animals; and the origin, movements, 

 and associations of the imagination and the emotions 

 are likewise identical. Nor will it be disputed that 

 we find in animals implicit memory, judgment, and 

 reasoning, the inductions and deductions from one 

 special fact to another, the passions, the physiological 

 language of gestures, expressive of internal emotions, 

 and even, in the case of gregarious animals, the com- 

 bined action to effect certain purposes ; so that, as far 

 as their higher orders are concerned, animals may 

 be regarded as a simple and undeveloped form of 

 man, while man, by his later psychical and organic 

 evolution, has become a developed and complex 

 animal.* 



In my book on the fundamental law of intelligence 

 in the animal kingdom, I attempted to show this great 

 truth, and to formulate a principle common to all 

 animals in the exercise of their psychical emotions, 



* See, among other authorities fur the most important phenomena 

 of animals in their natural associations, the profoundly learned work 

 by the well-known A. Espinas : Des societe's animates : &ude de 

 Psychologic compare'e. Paris, 2nd edit., 1879. 



