HUMAN SENSATION AND PERCEPTION. 87 



and conceives it to have a real existence. He does 

 not merely believe it to be a psychical and what may 

 be called a photographic repetition of the thing, but 

 rather to have an actual, concrete existence. Thus, 

 among all ancient peoples, and among many which 

 are still in the condition of savages, the shadow of a 

 man's body is held to be substantial with it, and, 

 as it were, his inmost essence, and for this reason 

 the spirits of the dead were in several languages 

 called shades. 



Doubtless it is difficult for us to picture to our- 

 selves the psychical conditions of primitive men, at a 

 time when the objects of perception and the appre- 

 hension of things were presented by an effort of 

 memory to the mind as if they were actual and living 

 things, yet such conditions are not hypothetical but 

 really existed, as any one may ascertain for himself 

 who is able to realize that primitive state of the mind, 

 and we have said enough to show that such was its 

 necessary condition. 



The fact becomes more intelligible when we con- 

 sider man, and especially the uneducated man, under 

 the exciting influence of any passion, and how at 

 such times he will, even when alone, gesticulate, 

 speak aloud, and reply to internal questions which 

 he imagines to be put to him by absent persons, 

 against whom he is at the moment infuriated. The 

 images of these persons and things are as it were 

 present and in agitation within him; and these 



