American lien Journal 



September, 1915. 



and where sufficiently abundant they 

 are very attractive to the b es. In 

 many localities cultivated grapes are 

 grown in large acreage. The nectar 

 yield is not as abundant as with many 

 plants, but is of some value where the 

 vines are grown in abundance. Quan- 

 tities of pollen are gathered from this 

 source. At times honeydew is gath- 

 ered from the leaves. 



Atlantic, Iowa. 

 Copyright: igis. by Frank C. Pellett. 



European Foulbrood in Austria 



BY M. G. DADANT. 



I HAVE before me a 20-page pamph- 

 let by Oswald Muck, and published 

 recently in Vienna, entitled, 

 " Seuchen der Bienenbrut " (Diseases 

 of the Brood of Bees). The pamphlet 

 is accompanied by two tables and sev- 

 eral colored plates. 



The author devotes the first few 

 pages to a description of healthy brood 

 and to a general survey of the foul- 

 brood situation. He differentiates be- 

 tween si.x different diseases of brood 

 in central Europe, named as follows: 



1. " Boesartige," foulbrood (Ameri- 

 can). 



2. "Stinkende," foulbrood (Euro- 

 pean). 



3. " Sauerbrut." 



4. "Sackbrut." 



5. " Steinbrut." 



6. "Kalkbrut." 



The first and fourth of these diseases 

 agree very well with the same diseases 

 encountered in this country. The last 

 two may be omitted as being more or 

 less local. 



It is to the second and third diseases 

 that I wish to call particular attention; 

 Stinkende or European foulbrood and 

 Sauerbrut. These two diseases are 

 not difTerentiated here in America. 

 Witness the following extract from the 

 pamphlet : " The 'Stinkende ' or Euro- 

 pean foulbrood and Sauerbrut are in 

 etiological respect and in tie manner 

 of development very closely related. 

 Dr. White, of America, does not seem 

 to recognize "Sauerbrut" in definite 

 form as we do in Europe. He seems 

 to have come upon the former and 

 diagnosed it as a virus including the 

 two, speaking of the two diseases in 

 general as European foulbrood." 



I think that those who have come in 

 contact with this disease in this coun- 

 try will be interested in the following 

 description of the symptoms of the 

 two diseases as differentiated by the 

 German pamphlet. 



"With 'Stinkende ' (European) foul- 

 brood one can observe the following 

 charactertistics : 



" 1. The sick larv:e are flabby. 



"2. They lose their luster and be- 

 come from brown to coffee colored. 



IS. "The dead larva is transformed 

 into a brown, dauby, weakly, stringy, 

 (slightly ropy) mass. 



"4. The larv;c give out a strong dis- 

 agreeable odor like glue, foot sweat or 

 foul paste. In bad cases one can rec- 

 ognize the smell by merely opening 

 the top of the hive. 



".'). This foulbrood mass dries at the 

 bottom of the cell or on the lower wall 

 and looks like a dark brown polished 



scale that consists entirely of spores 

 and contains no bacilli. 



"G. Here and there larvae die in the 

 sealed cells; the brood is irregular. In 

 the same comb with the diseased larvx, 

 and at the same time, healthy brood 

 appears." 



But in " Sauerbrut " other symptoms 

 are noticeable. 



" 1. The sick larvae are flabby i 1 1 



" 2. lusterless, and from light to dark 

 yellow in color. 



';!. The foulbrood mass is pulpy and 

 not stringy, and can be taken out of 

 the cell without pincers without break- 

 ing the skin of the larva. 



"4. The odor is sharply sour, like 

 concentrated vinegar. 



"5. The dry scale is almost golden 

 brown, and may be easily loosened 



FIG. 4S -VIRGINIA CREEPER OR AMERICAN IVY 



KIG. 46.-WILU GR.'M'IC BLOSSOMS 



