AMERICAN INSTITUTE, 221 



revolution and thrown off sideways. This cheese of mine works down 

 three feet. It cost $140. A deep subsoil plow first run on the line of a 

 drain, prepares well for digging the drain. I have one of my pupils here, 

 who is engineer of our great Central Park — he is directing its drainage — 

 Mr. Waring. 



George E. Waring, — Has tried drainage on a swamp with heavy, dense 

 clay, and, generally, water requiring wading. I made drains eighty feet 

 apart and five feet deep. In the next year its corn crop was among the 

 best. At the Central Park we are making drains as near as we can, 

 forty feet apart and four feet deep ; using tiles of inch and a half bore, 

 having collars to cover the joints, made of burned clay like the pipes. 

 These answer better than anything else. We tried hay, grass, &c., even 

 twisted like ropes, but that would not do. We now find that what little 

 silt gets into our pipes can be removei, and then hardly any can again get 

 into them. We begin by a careful survey of our field ; ascertain where 

 the out-fall of the water must be ; establish a bee line from thence to the 

 upper end, running at a depth of four feet above this line, without regard 

 to the uneveness of the surface, this line being well marked by stakes ; then 

 we drive down pegs on which to fix points for observation. We then dig 

 down to our bee line, however deep that may be, in a few places. (We 

 have dug down thirteen feet, in a place or so. The tiles are then laid, 

 with their collars firmly and properly covered up. We find that the heavi- 

 est rains are drained off by these small tubes. It acts constantly and 

 moderately, so that bodies of water apparently far too large for them to 

 carry off, are not only taken away, as it were, by uninterrupted retail, 

 but I find these little pipes never full, or even half full of water at any 

 time. We have silt basins, which we can clean out, so that our pipes will 

 always be clean. Test-holes are made before draining, to show the water 

 in the land. I recommend that tiles be used for the test-holes. Our tiles 

 are from Albany, made for us at $14 per 1000 ; will soon be made for $7 

 or $8. 



Prof. Mapes. — At the Canandaigua works they are made for $2.38 per 

 thousand. Judge French says they can be afforded at $5 00. 



Mr. Waring. — Our collars cost half as much as the pipes. We use saddles, 

 too, in some cases. Collars are stronger. We have drained fifteen acres 

 already. Over our silt basins, we have cast iron covers. 1 find that our 

 present plan was in use long ago, at Auberge, in France, on a field always 

 remarkable for its fertility. It has been found out recently that it had 

 been drained about four feet deep, by burned tiles of clay, of small bore, 

 glazed, and each end of pipe whittled away (tapered) to fit the next one, 

 all laid at about forty feet apart ! as near as our modern measurements 

 go. This was done in 1620, 238 years ago. 



Dr. Crowell. — What angle of inclination do you adopt ? 



Mr. Waring. — That of our bee line from the upper to the lowex ends of 

 the drains. 



