228 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



3. That the greatest increase of the fertilizing principle of manures by 

 a judicious application in a liquid form, on various descriptions of sand, 

 loams, and clays, has been displayed, and that the quantity and quality 

 has been greatly improved. 



4. That the usual augmentation of crops by the application of liquid 

 manures on green crops has been four fold above the ordinary production. 



5. That the principal advantages of the application of liquid manure 

 consists in its prompt action, quick absorption, and readiness with which 

 it is carried to the roots of plants. 



6. That the distribution of street sewage through pipes is cheaper and 

 far more eifectual than any other mode of manuring land. 



7. That by this mode manure can be applied with less waste and danger 

 to the public health, than by any other. 



When we take into consideration the nature of the effluvia escaping from 

 cess pools and other similar places, we will find that the principal gas given 

 out from these deposits is sulphuretted hydrogen, the most deadly of the 

 gaseous poisons, two or three inches causing death immediately if injected 

 into a vein, or beneath the skin of an animal. 



You may place the body of a cat, or any similar creature, in a bag con- 

 taining sulphuretted hydrogen, and though you leave his head out, he will 

 die in eight or ten minutes ; ten quarts injected into the intestines of a 

 cow, will kill her in a minute ; and it is utterly impossible to keep any 

 animal in high condition in the neighborhood of large privies, where sul- 

 phuretted hydrogen is given out in quantities. You can scarcely so dilute 

 it with atmospheric air as to deprive it of its noxious propensities. If one 

 part is mixed with eight hundred parts of common atmospheric air, and a 

 dog is compelled to inhale it, he will die immediately. Various instances 

 are recorded in which immediate death followed the incautious inhalation 

 of this gas by persons engaged in removing the contents from cess pools. 

 And still these effluvia are constantly breathed by those inhabiting back 

 alleys and streets, though in extreme dilution, still to the prejudice of their 

 health. 



Now all these matters can be gotten rid of in a cheap, easy manner, 

 thus ; it has been shown, year after year, in our city, that at least two- 

 thirds of the annual expense of street cleaning, and cleansing cesspools, is 

 the charge for cartage, which the sewers as now constructed may be made 

 to render entirely unnecessary. The refuse of the streets, courts, alleys, 

 and other filthy places, might be removed in the same way as the refuse of 

 houses, to wit : through pipes. This is the most convenient, cheap, and 

 rapid mode of removing the refuse from houses ; in like manner the refuse 

 of the streets and thoroughfares might be swept at once into the sewers 

 and discharged by water ; the streets might be swept at night and the 

 sewers flushed in the morning, thus conveying the silt to proper reservoirs, 

 wherever it may be found convenient to erect them, as their contents may 

 be raised by steam power over heights of several hundred feet, and con- 

 veyed through iron pipes 14 miles for about five cents per ton. The 



