THE CANADIAN HOR TTT ULTF R T S T 



February, 191^ 



Don't make up your mind to spray only 

 three times, but spray just as often as 

 you think the weather conditions de- 

 mand. 



If you find it impossible to spray as 

 many as five times, omit the first two 

 of these sprays, but never omit any of the 

 last. In spraying, a good outfit is ne- 

 cessary to do the work well. If you have 

 a large orchard, say ten acres or more, a 

 power sprayer will pay for itself many 

 times over. Use two leads of hose, hav- 

 ing one man on the ground and one 

 man in the tower. Do not be afraid of 

 putting too much on a tree. Spray until 

 it drips off in large drops from all over 

 the tree. See that all parts of the foliage 

 and fruit are drenched. In using lime- 

 sulphur remember that more is needed 

 than when using Bordeaux to obtain the 

 same results. If your spray is not too 

 strong you can drench the trees without 

 fear of injury. 



A SntPLE DEVICE 



For the purpose of ascertaining the 

 strengths of your dilutions, you should* 

 have a hydrometer reading from one to 

 1.3 specific gravity. These may be ob- 

 tained for seventy-five cents at any drug 

 store. In places where the water pres- 

 sure is not very great, filling a two hun- 

 dred gallon tank is slow work. It may 

 be quickened by a simple method. Ele- 

 vate two one-hundred-gallon casks eight 

 feet in the air, and connect these at the 

 bottom with a two inch pipe. This will 

 keep the water at the same level in both. 

 From one of the casks lead a two-inch 

 pipe with a shut oif or gate attached. 

 Make this long enough so that you can 

 drive under it with the spray tank and 

 fill up. One tap will fill a two hundred- 

 gallon tank in two hours, while these 

 casks run out in fifteen minutes, making 

 quite a saving in time. The hose from 

 the top fills the casks while we are away 

 spraying, so that all is in readiness when 

 we return. 



The arsenate of lead is mixed as fol- 

 lows in a stock solution : In a one hun- 

 dred-gallon cask place one hundred 

 pounds of lead paste and mix well with 

 water to a thin paste, add water up to 

 one hundred gallons, making sure that 

 all the lead paste is in suspension. One 

 gallon of this solution then contains one 

 pound of lead, so that this greatly facili- 

 tates the mixing and weighing of the 

 paste when you are in a hurry some fine 

 day. As spraying is an expensive opera- 

 tion, we must give attention to these 

 little details of operation. They help 

 to reduce the time we spend at the work 

 and thus to increase our profits. 



Spraying Mixtures for Currants and 

 Gooscbcrys* 



L. B. Henry, B.S.A., Winona, Ont. 



GROWERS of currants and goose- 

 berries have their share of insect 

 pests and diseases to combat. A 

 description of some of the chief of these 

 with methods of control may be of in- 

 terest. 



San Jose Scale sometimes becomes 

 very bad on black currants. It is ra- 

 ther hard to stamp out entirely on ac- 

 count of the closeness of the canes at 

 the base. The canes that are badly in- 

 fested should be cut out and burned and 



For our future apple markets we must 

 look mainly to the western provinces, 

 and to the local market in Ontario cities. 

 —P. W. Hodgetts. 



Reaching the Top Branches 



Photo by S. G. Freeborn, B.S.A.. District 

 Representative. Walkerton. Ont. 



the patch sprayed thoroughly with lime- 

 sulphur at winter strength just before 

 the buds open. 



Red currants are sometimes badly at- 

 tacked by green aphides, which may also 

 be found on black currants and goose- 

 berries. The foliage curls up and be- 

 comes a light greenish color. On the 

 under side of the curled leaves the yel- 

 lowish green plant lice may be found. The 

 eggs of this insect are laid in late fall 

 in the twigs and hatch out as the buds 

 are bursting. 



They are very tender at this time and 

 the young aphids are also, and if the 

 winter .spraying of lime-sulphur is post- 

 poned until this time, many young 



•Extract from an addrese delivered at the last 

 annual convention in Toronto of the Ontario 

 Fruit Qrowera' Anociation. 



aphids and eggs are destroyed. The 

 may also be controlled by such contac 

 sprays as kerosene emulsion, whale o 

 soap, or tobacco extracts, but the spra 

 cnust be applied before the leaves be 

 come badly curled. 



The Imported Currant worm is a ver 

 voracious worm, which chiefly, attack 

 gooseberries and red currants, sometime 

 entirely defoliating the bushes. Th 

 eggs are glued to the under side of th 

 veins of the leaves and hatch in four o 

 five days into a whitish worm, whici 

 changes to a greenish color as it grows 

 The head is black and there are man; 

 black spots on the body until the las 

 molt, when the body becomes gras 

 green and is about three-quarters of ai 

 inch long. They then pupate in tb 

 ground and emerge as adults in lat 

 June and produce another brood, whicl 

 usually does the most damage. 



They can be easily controlled by spray 

 ing thoroughly with arsenate of lead a 

 the rate of three pounds to the barrel, a 

 soon as their appearance is noted. 



One of the worst pests of the curran 

 and gooseberry is the Imported Curran 

 borer. The adult is a clean-winged moth 

 but the worm which does the damage i 

 a yellowish color, with a black head an( 

 numerous tubercles on the body. Whei 

 the eggs hatch the young larvae bor 

 into the cane and down the centre am 

 spend the winter at the bottom of th 

 burrow. Affected canes can be recog 

 nized by the dwarfed and yellow foliage 

 and should be removed. If the renews 

 system is practised in pruning the los 

 will not be noticeable as the old cane 

 are the worst attacked. 



The Currant Stem girdler and Fou 

 Lined Leaf bug also attack these fruits 

 but are not serious in Ontario. 



Currant Leaf Spot attacks currant 

 and gooseberries, and if bad will cause : 

 premature dropping off of the leaves 

 The spot is dark around the edge, will 

 a clear centre, on which are numerou 

 black specks. 



Currant Anthracnose attacks red am 

 black currants, and may be found 01 

 gooseberries, but is worst on red cur 

 rants. Fay's and Raby Castle being th 

 varieties most seriously affected, whili 

 Prince Albert is practically free from at 

 tack. Affected leaves are more or les 

 covered with brown spots, and when th" 

 disease becomes serious the leaves be 

 come yellow and drop. 



Both of the above diseases can be con 

 trolled by spraying with lime-sulphu 

 sp. gr. i.oog just after the fruit ha: 

 set. 



Mildew is the most serious diseasi 

 attacking gooseberries. English varietie 



