28 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



February, 1914 



Spraying a Quebec Orchard 



A modem power ma«tiine in the orchard of the 

 Oka Agricultural College, La Trappe, Que. 



was difficult to arrive at a fair valua- 

 tion of the orchard ; it differs in different 

 localities. No account was taken of the 

 interest on the investment or overhead 

 charges, nor depreciation in value of the 

 implements used. 



I append herewith a tabulated state- 

 ment of the expenses and receipts for the 

 orchard of Mr. F. W. McCkjnnell, at 

 Colborne. in each of the past three years. 

 The number of barrels, the percentage of 

 No. I apples and the receipts are also 

 given for the three years previous to our 

 taking charge. This will be a basis of 

 comparison between the orchard when in 

 a neglected condition and after being 

 properly cared for. 



NOETHTJMBEELAND AND DUKHAM 

 DEJIONSTEATION OKOHAEDS 



"T, W. MoConneU'a Oroliard, Colborne. 117 treee 

 —approximately 2Vi acres. Soil— Light sandy 

 loam. Orchard 32 years old. 



EESULTS 



After oared for 



EXPENSES- 1911 1912 1913 



Scraping $1125 



Pruning 34 00 $22 00 $39 00 



Painting woundo 10 28 7 05 



Gathering brush 6 75 4 00 4 50 



SPEAYING— 



First 2590 2190 20 56 



Second 15 75 15 70 13 13 



Third 23 17 23 35 15 60 



Cementing holes In trees ... 125 



Bracing trees with wire 1 37 



EemoTing dead wood and 



thinning suckers 90 1 80 



FEETILIZEE- 



Manure 25 00 30 00 30 00 



500 lbs. Muriate of Potash . . 13 00 11 70 12 60 



1,000 Ibe. Acid Phoerphate ... 11 00 11 00 16 00 



Applying 100 100 100 



Freigfct 2(75 



Cultivation 7 50 18 00 5 70 



Total expenses 202 60 178 22 174 63 



Expenses per acre 81 04 7129 6985 



Yield in bajrrels 551 533% 234 



Receipts from sale of apples $74" 55 $449 80 $49,^ 58 



Per Cent. No. I'e 87 6 80 5 82 5 



Net profit 537 96 27158 318 95 



Net profit per acre 215 18 108 63 127 58 



Id necleoted state 

 1908 1909 1910 



Yield in barrels 300 250 73 



Eeceipts from sale of apples $300 00 $200 00 $100 00 

 Per Cent. No. I's 30 60 30 60 30 60 



Figures from the other orchards could 

 be given, but the foregoing will be suffi- 

 cient to show in detail the expenses and 

 returns. 



The results obtained were in striking 

 contrast tx> the smajl and indifferent 

 crops yielded in unsprayed and uncared 

 for orchards of the same locality. The 

 quality of the fruit in each of the three 

 years was exceptionally high — the per- 

 centage of number one's being raised 

 from thirty to sixty in 1908, 1909, and 

 1910, prior to our having charge, to 

 seventy-five to eighty-seven decimal six 

 per cent, while under our care. Further, 

 from ninety-five to ninety-eight per cent. 



of all the apples grown in these orchards 

 was absolutely free from any insect pest 

 or fungus disease. Scarcely an apple 

 could be found with a worm in it, and it 

 was only an odd apple here and there 

 that showed a spot of scab. 



In conclusion, let me say that as a 

 result of these demonstrations, the old 

 orchards are being cared for in a man- 

 ner as never before. Carloads of spray 

 material and a great number of spray 

 machines, both hand and power outfits, 

 have been sold to fruit growers in the 

 counties. The demonstration orchard 

 method has proved its effectiveness as a 

 means of stimulating interest in up-to- 

 date methods. Special requests now 

 reach my office asking me to take charge 

 of an orchard for a p)eriod of years. 



Spraying to Prevent Apple Scab^ 



Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Ontario 



FOR several years I have been im- 

 pressed with the great importance 

 of spraying very thoroughly at as 

 nearly the right time as possible.' Most 

 of the spraying that is done is not really 

 thorough, or else it is not applied at the 

 right time ; in fact, too many men are 

 trying to cover too much ground with 

 a single spray outfit. 



I believe in gasoline outfits for large 

 orchards, especially for large trees. You 

 can spray such trees much more thor- 

 oughly and easily with these outfits. 

 Keep your machine in excellent condi- 

 tion ; spray at the right time ; miss none 

 of the first three applications ; cover 

 every leaf and young fruit or opening 

 blossom thoroughly. Never mind how 

 much the tree drips. Do not stop until 

 you are satisfied it is done right. 



Instead of being discouraged by fail- 

 ure a single year like 1913, remember 

 that James E. Johnson, of Simcoe, our 

 most experienced apple grower, says he 

 never before 1913 saw a season when 

 good spraying would not thoroughly 

 control scab. It is not probable if he 

 lives for thirty years longer, as we hope 

 he will, that he will again see another 

 such season. I might perhaps mention 

 here in passing that good pruning, al- 

 lowing plenty of light and air circula- 

 tion will help to make it easy to keep 

 off apple scab. 



SUMMARY OF EULES 



The following rules are given as a 

 guide with special reference to prevent- 

 ing apple scab : 



First Application — Before or as leaf 

 buds are bursting. Use lime-sulphur, 

 hydrometer strength 1.030 (1.035 f**"" 

 San Jose Scale). 



Second Application — Just before blos- 

 soms open. Use either lime-sulphur, 

 ■Strength i.oio or 1.009, or Bordeaux 



•Extract from an address delivered at the 

 annnal conventions of the Ontario and Nova 

 Scotia Pmit Growers' Associations. 



mixture 4.4.40 formula, and to every 

 forty gallons of either wash add two to 

 three pounds arsenate of lead. 



Third Application — At once after the 

 blossoms have nearly all fallen (say 80 

 per cent. off). Use lime-sulphur 1.008 

 and two pounds arsenate of lead to every 

 forty gallons. 



The second and third applications ma;i 

 begin with early varieties, as the blot)'n 

 on these opens and drops (n •,* 



Fourth Application — About two weeks 

 after bloom falls. Use the same mixture 

 as for the third application. This should 

 be applied in the St. Lawrence Valley 

 on varieties subject to scab every year, 

 but in most parts of the province may be 

 dispensed with, if we have fine warm 

 weather beginning a week or ten days 

 after the third application. 



Autumn Application — These should be 

 applied only if the weather becomes wet 

 or foggy and cool the latter part of 

 August or early in September. Use lime- 

 sulphur 1.008 or Bordeaux 4.4.40. 



Note. — Lime sulphur 1.030 hydrome- 

 ter reading, commercial lime-suphur, one 

 gallon, water nine gallons. Lime-sul- 

 phur 1.035 hydrometer reading, com- 

 mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water 

 seven and one-half gallons. Lime-sul- 

 phur I.OIO hydrometer reading, com- 

 mercial limesulphur one gallon, water 

 twenty-nine to thirty gallons. Lime- 

 sulphuri.009 hydrometer reading, com- 

 mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water 

 thirty-two to thirty-five gallons. Lime- 

 sulphur 1.008 hydrometer reading, com- 

 mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water 

 thirtyseven to forty gallons. 



I believe that lime and sulphur puts a 

 bloom and a freshness on apples that you 

 cannot get from Bordeaux, and I believe 

 it is a greater stimular^ to the fruit 

 and the apples will hang on better.— M. 

 C. Smith, Burlington, Ont. 



