Afav, Tgt4 



THE CANADIAN HORTTC ULTUBIST 



'2:; 



ventative treatment must be given in the 

 spring, as these treatments would have 

 no eflfect on the borers themselves. 



AN EFFECTIVE WASH 



A great variety of washes have been 

 used for preventing the female beetles 

 from laying their eggs upon the trees, 

 the following is probably as effective as 

 any that can be safely used without in- 

 jury to the bark (after having removed 

 all loose bark with a dull hoe or scraper). 



Dissolve one-half gallon of soft soap 

 or five pounds of whale oil soap in one- 

 half gallon of hot water, and add a half- 

 pint of carbolic acid. When mixed, add 

 five gallons of warm water and enough 

 lime to make a whitewash of about the 

 consistency of paint. Finally, stir in 

 one-fourth pound of Paris green. Apply 

 the wash with a stiff brush, covering the 

 bark thoroughly and completely, and fill- 

 ing all cracks and crevices. Another ap- 

 plication should be made in about three 

 weeks' time. 



The use of something that will not only 

 protect the trees from the attack of the 



borers, but also from the heat of the sun, 

 is more useful and economical than a 

 simple wash. The parts of trees injured 

 by heat are more liable to the depreda- 

 tions of borers than the healthy, unin- 

 jured portions, and so anything that will 

 prevent sunscald and will at the same 

 time keep off insects, will be a double 

 benefit to the tree. 



Take some wood veneer, such as is 

 used in basket-making, or birch bark, 

 and wrap around the trunk of the tree 

 beginning just below the surface of the 

 ground and extending upwards for about 

 two feet. Bank the base of this up with 

 some soil to prevent the insects getting 

 in that way, and fill the top with cotton 

 wool. See that there are no openings 

 along the length of this covering where 

 insects could get in. If applied in the 

 fall this covering would also protect from 

 mice. A small amount of money and a 

 little time spent in looking after the trees 

 that you now have will be much better 

 spent than it would be in buying and 

 setting out new trees. 



Orchard Aphids and Their Control* 



Prof. W. H. Brittain, B.S.A., Provincial Entomologist, Truro, N.S. 



THE rot form of orchard aphids is the 

 most troublesome, and I have been 

 informed by several Nova Scotia 

 fruit growers they have been troubledwilh 

 it, especially in young trees. The best 

 treatment known for this form is tobacco 

 waste, which can be obtained from to- 

 bacco factories at small cost. Nursery 

 trees can be protected from the aphids 

 by laying a line of dust in a furrow on 

 either side of the tree loosely covering 



•Extract from an address delivered at the 

 last annual convention of the Hova Scotia Fruit 

 Growers' Aseociation. 



with earth. Larger trees can be pro- 

 tected by removing the earth to a depth 

 of about four inches for a radius of thi'ee 

 feet around the tree and putting in about 

 a peck of the tobacco waste. It is most 

 convenient to do this in the spring when 

 plowing. Throw a furrow away from 

 the tree on each side, having a man fol- 

 low the plow with a hoe and scraping 

 away the earth for a short distance 

 around each infested tree. 



COST OF DIFPEREJ^T SPKAYS (40 GALLONSi 



Black Leaf 40 and soap, 55 cts. 



Netti of tli« Tent and Foreit Caterpillars which hara done «o much damage of lata year* 



The et^ga of these caterpillars ms/y be found in little lumps around the ends of the branches 

 of the trees early in the sea«on. Out them ofT before tliey hatch out. If you neglect to do 

 this an early spraying will quickly destroy them. 



— Photo by Rev. Father Lsoipold, La Trappa, Que. 



Black Leaf 40 and iime-sulphur (i-io), 



$i-35- 



Black Leaf 40 and lime-surphur (1-30), 

 80 cts. 



Black Leaf 40 and lime sulphur (1.30), 

 and lead arsenate, $1.04. 



KEBC«ENE EMULSION 



Kerosene at 17 cts. per gallon. 



Soap at 5 cts per lb. 



Cost of 40 gallons of spray, 78 cts. 



WHALE OIL SOAPS 



The cost of the different makes will 

 range from about sixty to seventy-five 

 cents for forty gallons of the diluted 

 wash. 



I have purposely omitted mention of 

 several mixtures of which a good deal 

 is heard, because I consider the cost pro- 

 hibitive. 



A number of years ago it was con- 

 fidently stated that the dormant spray 

 of lime-sulphur was a specific against all 

 kinds of aphis eggs. This has since been 

 disproved both by experiment station 

 workers and practical men all over the 

 country, even when the spray is deferred 

 until, the buds are bursting and the 

 aphids hatched, only a small percentage 

 are destroyed. It is significant to note 

 in this connection that in British Col- 

 umbia last year, whereas the amount of 

 lime-sulphur used fell off forty-one per 

 cent., there was an increase of twenty- 

 four per cent, in the sales of Black Leaf 

 40, indicating that the growers consider- 

 ed aphis the chief pest, and found con- 

 trol during the growing seasons most 

 satisfactory. 



APPLY IN TIME 



Though in bad years more than the 

 one spray will be found necessary, one 

 thing must be recognized, and that is, 

 that the spray must be applied before the 

 aphids have had time to curl the leaves, 

 or subsequent sprayings will be of little 

 value, even with the use of a fairly high 

 pressure. In spite of its relative high 

 cost, I am inclined at the present time to 

 recommend the Black Leaf 40, as from 

 the standpoint of efficiency, cost, con- 

 venience of application, ability to mix 

 with other sprays, it has, in my own 

 experience, proved most satisfactory. I 

 do not believe that when there is reason 

 to fear an attack of aphids a grower 

 would be justified in "taking a chance," 

 and risking no spray. By doing this, 

 he would stand to lose, not only a large 

 proportion of his crop, but also the time 

 and money he had spent in cultivating, 

 pruning, thinning, and all other opera- 

 tions incidental to the production of his 

 crop. I am convinced that most of the 

 cases of non-success that have been re- 

 ported by those using this spray have 

 been the result of two factors : First, not 

 spraying until the leaves have curled, 

 and second, insufficient pressure. 



