376 



GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 



(.'oiueiits. — Bacteriulo^y lu uee diseases. — 

 Present sfatiis of investigation of bee diseases. 

 — Apiary inspection in New York State. — 

 American foul brood on Pacific Coast. — History 

 of bee-disease inspection in Wisconsin. 

 Status of apiculture in United Stales. 1909. 

 Pages 59 to 80. (Entomology Bulletin 75, pt. 

 6.)' Paper, 5c. 

 BRiis. 19J1. 18 pages, ilhis. (Farmers' Bulle- 

 tin 447.) Paper, 5c. 



I/ISKASES. 



Bee diseases in Massachusetts. 1908. Pages 23 

 to 32, map. (p;ntomology Bulletin 75, pt. 3.) 

 Paper, 5c. 



Destruction of germs of infectious bee diseases by 

 heating. 1914. 8 pages. (Agriculture Bulle- 

 tin 92.) Paper, 5c. 



Historical notes on causes of bee diseases. 1912. 

 96 pages. (Entomology Bulletin 98.) Paper, 

 10c. ' 



Occurrence of Tiee diseases in United States, pre- 

 liminary report. 1911. 25 pages. (Entomol- 

 ogy Circular 138.) Paper, 5c. 



Relation, of etiology [or] cause of bee diseases to 

 treatment. 1908. Pages 33 to 42. (Entomol- 

 ogy Circular 13S.) Paper, 5c. 



Treatment of bee diseases. 1911. 22 pages, il- 

 his. (Farmers' Bulletin 442.) Paper, 5c. 

 FouT> Brood. State and Territorial laws relative to 



foul brood. 1906. Pages 184 to 200. (Prom 



Entomology Bulletin 61.) Paper, 5c. 

 Ha\vaii. Brief survey of Hawaiian beekeeping: 



1900. Pages 43 to 58, illus. map. (Entomology 



Bulletin 75, pt. 5.) Paper, 15c. 



HOXEV. 



Chemical analysis and composition of imported 



honey from Cuba, Mexico, and Haiti. 1912. 



21 pages. (Chemistry Bulletin 154.) Paper, 5c. 



Comb honey. 1912. 47 pages, illus. (Farmers' 



Bulletin 503.) Paper, 5c. 

 Hawaiian honeys. 1903. 21 pages, illus. (Ha- 

 \saii Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 

 17.1 Paper, 5c. 

 Hon-n- and its uses in the home. 1915. 26 pages, 



illus. (Farmers' Bulletin 653.) Paper, 5c. 

 Pro'luction aud care of extracted honey; Methods 

 of honey-testing for beekeepers. 1907. Pages 

 1 to 18. (Entomology Bulletin 75, pt. 1.) 

 Paper, 5c. 

 Massachl'Setts. Beekeeping in Massacliiusetts. 

 vl909. Pages 81 to 109, illus. (Entomology Bul- 

 letin 75, pt. 7.) Paper, 5c. 

 POLLKX. Behavior of honeybee in pollen-collecting. 

 1912. 36 pages, illus. (Entomology Bulletin 

 121.) Paper, 5c. 

 Ponro RioAN BKiiKEEFiNG. 1914. 24 pages, illus. 

 (^Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station Bul- 

 letin 15 ) Paper, 5c. 

 Qi'EE>r Bees. Rearing of queen-bees.- 1905. 32 

 pages, illus. (Entomology Bulletin 55.) Paper, 

 5c. 

 SAC'iiKOOD, disease of bees. 1913. 5 pages. (Bn- 

 '.omology Circular 169.) Paper, 5c. 



T/.MPKRATrKE. 



Temporal ure of bee colony. 1914. 29 pages, il- 

 lus. (Agriculture Bulletin 96.) Paper 5c. 

 A stuiy of the effect of temperature on bees. 

 Temperature of honeybee cluster in winter. 1914. 

 16 pages, illus. (Agriculture Bxilletin 93.) 

 Paper, 5c. 



This bulletin jiresents studies of bees as af- 

 fc'-ted by tempera'ure conditions during winter, 

 and is of special interest to beekeepers in the 

 North. 

 WAr.-MOTTiK and American foul brood. 1907. Pages 

 19 to 22, illus. (Entomology Bulletin 75, pt. 2.) 

 Paper, 5c. 

 "Wax ScaIjF.s. Miinipulation of wax scales of honey- 

 bee. 1912. 13 pages, illus. Entomology Circu- 

 lar 161.) Paper, 5c. 



The Fundamental Principles of Good 

 Wintering Outdoors 



FAR^fKiis' Bulletin No. 695. entitled 

 " Outdoor "Wintering- for Bees," by Br. E. 

 F. Phillips and G. F. Demuth, has just been 

 sent out by the T United States Department 



of Agriculture. We have gone over it care- 

 fully, and only regret tliat it could not have 

 been issued in September. As it is, we has- 

 ten to place some of the material in it be- 

 fore our readeis. 



The authors estimate tliat the beekeepers 

 of the United Stales lose at least a tenth of 

 their colonies every winter; and that tlie 

 losses may reach a half and sometimes more 

 it! some sections. These losses, they believe, 

 could be reduced to less than one per cent. 



AVe hope that they are right; but it is 

 our opinion, based on an observation of 

 thirty' years, that, even if their directions 

 are carefully followed, there will be some 

 winters in some localities when the losses 

 will be heavy. However, we are frank to 

 admit that a large percentage of the losses 

 is due to ignorance of the very principles 

 set forth in this bulletin, which princijiles 

 we believe are correct. We therefore rec- 

 ormnend every beekeeper to send at once, 

 either to Dr. E. I\ Phillips, Department of 

 AgTiculture, Washington, D. C, or his con- 

 gressman for a copy of Farmers' Bulletin 

 No. 695. 



CAUSES OF WINTER LOSSES. 



In reference to the causes of winter losses 

 this statement is made: 



THE CAUSES OP WINTER LOSS. 



Thi,> causes of the death of individual bees or of 

 a colony of bees in winter, barring unusual acci- 

 dents, are only two in number: (1) Inadequate 

 stores and (2) excessive heat production. Tlie 

 numerous factors usually given in the literature on 

 the sub.iect as entirely distinct fall into these two 

 classes, except for some that are usually given which 

 the authors do not believe to be operative. 



Doubtless some of the old veterans will 

 take exceptions to this: but if they will 

 study the matter carefully they will see that 

 they are the fundamental causes. Every 

 one will agree that the stores should be 

 adequate in quality and quantity. There 

 can be no controversy about this; but when 

 all the other causes are summed up under 

 the three woi'ds "excessive heat production"' 

 there will be more or less dissent. Let us 

 see. 



Some will say that it is not " excessive 

 boat," but cold that kills the bees; and this 

 cold may be due to continuous severely cold 

 weather or to a lack of packing or insula- 

 tion. The authors showed last winter by a 

 series of experiments that cold causes ex- 

 cessive heat generation. The effort of the 

 cluster to generate its own heat, which it 

 can do, causes increased activity; activity 

 causes a heavy consumption of stores, and 

 this brings on dysentery. It is seldom that 

 a food colony freezes to death by sheer 

 cold. Death is, 99 times out of 100, caused 

 bv dvsenterv as a result of increased activ- 



