70 



THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. 



Jan. 29, 1903. 



moves the wooden cover and leaves only the propolis quilt 

 on all except the top hive in the pile, on which he leaves 

 the cover. He is not particular, but blocks up the hives 

 where convenient. He has less than 3 percent dead in the 

 spring when carrying them out. Temperature 40 to 45 de- 

 grees, Fahr. A ventilating stove-pipe runs from the lloor 

 up to the pipe of a stove in the drawing-room overhead. He 

 tinds the 10-frame Gallup winters better than L,angstroth 

 hives. 



Mr. Holmes— Change the propolis cloth for a cotton and 

 sawdust cushion. 



Mr. Miller — I would do away with the blocking by leav- 

 ing off the bottom-board and piling one hive across two. 



Mr. Fixter— Mr. Pettit's plan works perfectly. Pile 

 the hives on a bench which is higher at the back than at 

 the front. Block up the back of the hive from the bottom- 

 board with ;Js-inch blocks. Put on a chaff cushion to keep 

 the top of the hive warm, so the moisture will not condense 

 and run down on the cluster. 



HOW TO BAT HONEY. 



" How would you eat bread with honey on it if you have 

 a large mustache ?" 



Mr. Armstrong— Perhaps Mr. Newton can tell. 



The opinion of the meeting was that jou should have 

 Canadian honey of good flavor and body, then either turn 

 the bread upside down or else stand on your head I 



AN ADDRESS ON "PROGRESS;" 



Prof. Creelman, B. S. A., Superintendent of Farmers' 

 Institutes for Ontario, gave a stirring address on the sub- 

 ject of Progress, at the second afternoon session. The ob- 

 ject of these associations is to give information, and people 

 are anxious for it. Twenty thousand persons attended the 

 Winter Show at Guelph last week. A lecture room seating 

 600 was not able to accommodate one quarter the people 

 who sought admittance. Here lectures were delivered at all 

 hours of the day by men competent to speak on all branches 

 of farming. Farmers were asking questions about bacon, 

 poultry, beef, cheese. There is coming to be as great a 

 demand for information about honey. All these other in- 

 dustries were but a short time ago in their infancy. When 

 they began to boom, people feared over-production, but the 

 demand has increased with the supply. A few years ago 

 Canadian pork could not compete with Irish or Danish 

 pork, but Canadians combined and forced in a good article. 

 Jno. Bull is conservative, yet when he got a taste of Cana- 

 dian " pea-fed " bacon his appetite for it increased at the 

 rate of one million dollars' worth per year. We supply 70 

 percent of the cheese on the English market. Twenty-five 

 million dollars is spent by England for Canadian cheese, 

 and it comes mostly from Ontario. 



Now give them a taste of Canadian honey ; always send 

 a good article, and there is no chance of over-doing the 

 honey-business. In going from Liverpool to London you 

 pass through large cities whose names j'ou have never 

 heard. All manufacturing cities produce not one pound of 

 food, but all require to be fed from outside the country. Let 

 the bee-men of Ontario get into line with the fruit-men and 

 poultry-men, and create a more lively interest in the indus- 

 try and the Association. 



Prof. Creelman advocated a closer relation with the 

 Department of Agriculture. He suggested an affiliation 

 with the Fruit-Growers' Association. As we also have 

 some common interests we could meet at the same time and 

 place, and so get reduced railroad rates ; advertise together ; 

 have joint evening sessions, etc. At the Fruit-Growers' 

 convention each director was asked to bring in a written 

 report of what they had done to advance the interests of 

 the association during the year. The directors take pride 

 in this sort of thing. If not, they are not elected next year. 

 The Department of Agriculture is ready to do what they 

 can to help every association as soon as they see good use 

 is being made of the money. 



With regard to selling honey, we must create a demand. 

 Keep the papers full of it. Keep store windows full of it. 

 Get people to eating honey instead of the adulterated jams, 

 marmalades, etc. 



The following is the 



REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 



During the season of 1902 I visited bee-yards in the 

 counties of Huron, Middlesex, Perth, Brant, Wentworth, 

 Lincoln, Welland, Halton, York, Cardwell, Grey, and Sim- 

 coe. I inspected 91 apiaries, and found foul brood in 30 of 

 them, and dead brood of other kinds in many others which 

 had been mistaken for foul brood. I also found several fine 



apiaries completely cured of foul brood that had been re- 

 ported to be diseased. 



The frequent showers that we had in the early and mid- 

 dle part of the past honey season kept the bees in their hives 

 for hours at a time, and this taking place when the bees 

 had a very large quantity of larva; to feed, caused a rapid 

 using up of the stores, and as fast as the cells were emptied 

 the queens layed in them, and soon after that all brood- 

 chambers became full of brood, and as they were left in that 

 condition, with the bees being driven in from time to time 

 by the rains, which were followed by sudden warm spells, 

 brought on the greatest rage of swarming ever known in 

 the Province of Ontario, and created a great demand for 

 comb foundation, and some bee-keepers not having any on 

 hand, and not expecting to get any very soon, used some 

 old combs (that were saved from colonies that had died from 

 disease), and spread the genuine article — a thing the same 

 parties will never do again. 



All old, diseased comlps should be melted and put 

 through a wax-press, as that is the only kind of an extractor 

 that will take all the wax out of old combs. 



It would greatly improve the apiaries in many localities 

 if their owners would use more foundation, and melt a part 

 of their old combs each year until they were all renewed. 



While on my rounds through the Province I was much 

 pleased with the very generous treatment that I received 

 from every bee-keeper. Wm. McEvoy. 



(Concluded next week.) 



Heredity in Bees— Further Explanations. 



BY L. STACHKLHAUSKN. 



ON page 422 (1902) I wrote a short article in which I tried 

 to explain the way the worker-bees can transmit to 

 their offspriug their own qualities. Prof. A. J. Cook 

 honored me by considering this article, and wrote an answer 

 to it on page 567. Probably I did not express my ideas plain 

 enough, because Prof. Cook speaks of the evolution in bees, 

 and says ; 



" In all organisms parents. .. .are ever producing off- 

 spring varying from each other. . . . Thus while all parents 

 tend surely to transmit their own peculiarities to their 

 progeny, there is always as surely a like tendency to varia- 

 tion." 



In all this I fully agree with Prof. Cook, but in 

 my article I did not intend to write about evolution of the 

 bees, or the possibility of variation, but to consider the 

 transmission of all regular characteristics, form and power 

 of organs, and other peculiarities of the worker-bees, 

 through the queen to the offspring of the luorker-bees, while 

 the queen and all her ancestors never possessed these pecul- 

 iarities. This surely can't be called a variation, and so 

 Prof. Cook's article does not cover the case. 



We know that from an impregnated egg a queen can be 

 reared, and this is quite in accord with other organisms, as 

 the young queen is very like her mother (variations are pos- 

 sible). This needs no explanation, at least not for our pur- 

 pose. Now comes the dividing point : By a certain nour- 

 ishment of the young larva we get no queen, but a worker- 

 bee from the same egg. (And under certain circumstances 

 even animals, which are part queens and part worker-bees). 

 These worker-bees are not variations of the queen, but the 

 regular progeny of the queen, and quite unlike herself. The 

 problem is to explain this, and this is entirely impossible, 

 if we consider queen and worker-bees as independent 

 animals. 



Our theory is, that the queen is no perfect anim.al ; her 

 sexual organs and functions are fully developed, but all 

 organs for nourishment are undeveloped, or entirely miss- 

 ing, not only the inner organs but the exterior organs of 

 nourishment, as for honey, pollen, etc., too. The queen is 

 not able to preserve her life without the worker-bees, not 

 even for some hours. On the other side, in the worker-bees 

 the sexual organs are rudimentary, but all organs for nour- 

 ishment are fully developed. We say the true female ani- 

 mal is queen and worker-bees eombined. With bees we have 

 the peculiarity that the sexual organs are in a separated 

 body, and the organs necessary for nourishment in another 



