8 THOMAS SADLER ROBERTS 



entire year, as for example the Blue Jay and Chickadee; one 

 hundred and seventy-four species and three subspecies are Summer 

 Residents, birds that come to Minnesota to rear their young but 

 retreat southward in the fall. These two groups combined con- 

 stitute the regular nesting population two hundred and five 

 species and seven subspecies. Forty-five species and two sub- 

 species are Transients only, passing spring and fall entirely across 

 the state north and south, as for example the Snow Goose, the 

 White-crowned Sparrow, the Black-poll Warbler and many of the 

 Waders. Twelve species and three subspecies are Winter Visi- 

 tants, coming into Minnesota from their summer homes in the north 

 only during the colder months. 



A tabulation of the above analysis will present the figures 

 more plainly. 



Species Subspecies 



Permanent Residents ' 31 4 



Summer Residents 174 3 



Transients 45 2 



Winter Visitants 12 3 



Total Regular List 262 12 



Regular List 262 12 



Rare and Accidental 33 9 



Extirpated 6 



Introduced 2 



Unsettled . . 4 



Total Complete List 307 21 



Hypothetical List 34 3 



The above figures are for the state as a whole, but from what 

 has already been said in regard to the Faunal Areas represented 

 it will be understood that the bird population of one locality may 

 differ greatly, especially in the summer residents and migrants, 

 from that of another at a considerable distance from the first. 

 Thus many species that are only migrants in the southern half of 

 the state are common summer residents in the evergreen forests 

 of the northern half. Some birds found in the southern part of 

 the state are never found in the northern part, and vice versa. 

 The same is true of the eastern and western portions. To illustrate: 

 the complete list of birds of Ramsey and Hennepin counties, in 

 the southeastern quarter of the state, contains 248 species (omitting 



