Nature s Intellig'ence 1 1 1 



it is not given the sound is repeated. The speaker usually 

 looks at the one addressed. Monkeys do not habitually 

 utter these sounds when alone. They understand the sounds 

 made by others of their own kind. They understand the 

 sounds when made by a human being or a phonograph. 

 They understand the sounds without the aid of signs or 

 gestures. They interpret the same sound in the same way 

 at all times. The sounds are made by the vocal organs, and 

 are modulated by the teeth, the tongue, the palate, and the 

 lips. Their speech is shaped into dialects, and the higher 

 forms of animals have higher types of speech than the 

 lower ones. The higher types are slightly more complex, 

 and somewhat more exact in meaning than the lower ones." 



Mr. Garner lived for three months in a cage in a 

 jungle, hoping to get closer observation of the 

 chimpanzees. He learned that they are nomadic, 

 sleeping on the ground, and not two nights in the 

 same place; that the family consists of one male 

 and several females; that the male exercises author- 

 ity; that the young remain in the family till mature; 

 that different families assemble and engage in some- 

 thing corresponding to dancing, while one of them 

 beats on a drum — sort of a drum — made by spread- 

 ing clay on porous earth and allowing it to dry. 

 He tested their ability to count, and found that it 

 reached at least four, which we may remark is equal 

 to the Australians. He makes no extravagant 

 claims. The total number of words used by them 

 that he acquired was about one hundred; of these 

 he learned the meaning of thirty. He demonstrated 

 that they can acquire new speech sounds. He gives 



