CONTENTS 



PAGE 



(6) Hydrogen intensifies basicity 116 



(7) Examples from inorganic chemistry . . 117 

 (6) Influence of the light metals, especially sodium . .117 



(a) Examples from organic chemistry . . . .117 

 (/3) Examples from inorganic chemistry . . .118 

 (7) Effect of distance 118 



(c) Influence of the heavy metals, especially silver . .118 

 2. Influence of negative elements . . . . . .119 



(a) Influence of chlorine 119 



(5) Influence of oxygen 120 



(a) Oxygen intensifies acidity . . . . .120 



Facility of carbon for combination with metals . 120 



(/3) Oxygen reduces basicity . . . . . .121 



(c) Influence of nitrogen 122 



(a) The cyanogen group . . . . . . .122 



(j8) Persistence of negative character and valency . 123 



B. Change in velocity of reaction under the influence 



of certain elements and groups . . . . . 124 



1. Acceleration of reaction that precedes separation of ions . 125 



(a) Influence of oxygen 125 



Gradually accelerated oxidation .... 125 

 Carbon combined with other elements . . .127 

 Linkage of carbon with carbon . . . . 127 



(6) Influence of chlorine and nitrogen . . . .129 



2. Spatial influences . . . . . . . . 130 



(a) Action of hydrogen during esterification . . . 130 

 Velocity of saponification . . . . . .133 



(fc) Other spatial influences 137 



3. CERTAIN ATOMIC GROUPINGS GIVE RISE TO ENTIRELY 



NEW CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 141 



