162 THE LESSON OF EVOLUTION 



groups are formed by individual preference, due 

 either to the mutual attraction or aversion felt by 

 some individuals for others of the same species, or 

 to several individuals adopting similar habits. Thus 

 certain animals are selected to breed together with- 

 out any detriment to the non-selected. Preferen- 

 tial selection is always for the good of the selector, 

 but it may or may not be for the good of the selec- 

 ted. With animals it is confined to the choice of food 

 or of mates, but with man it has a much more 

 extended range ; but I shall have more to say about 

 this later on. This form of preferential selection is 

 called personal selection by Prof. Mark Baldwin. 



Mr. Darwin's division into natural and sexual 

 selection has not given satisfaction, for a large part 

 of what he included under sexual selection is truly 

 natural selection ; while many of his instances of 

 natural selection do not answer to the definition. 

 This has been the source of much confusion, and I 

 hope that my new classification will help to make 

 things clearer, and will distinguish between tw r o 

 actions which are quite different. 



Preferential selection is not restricted to the 

 single motive of utility, for we have now the love 

 of pleasure, which we see in all the higher animals. 



First as to utility. Recognition-marks are one 

 of its results. Several objections have been made 

 to this theory of Dr. Wallace, it being urged that all 

 the individuals of a species recognise each other 

 without any distinctive characters, and it is easy to 

 carry the idea of recognition-marks too far. Indeed, 

 if birds which pair for life such as Pigeons, the 



