MONISM AND DUALISM 231 



physiologists that for this a brain-cortex of grey 

 matter is necessary. 



(d) The fourth and last stage is the establish- 

 ment of free-will, which gives to man the power 

 of altering the strength of motives, and so enab- 

 ling him to make a choice between actions. 

 But mind can also be improved by exercise , with- 

 out any further improvement in tissue. This we see 

 commonly in education ; the effect of which is especi- 

 ally well marked in the case of children belonging 

 to uncultured peoples, such as the Maoris. The 

 fact that a Maori has taken second class honours in 

 political science at the New Zealand University is 

 a proof that mind may be improved without any 

 accompanying development of the brain. 



3. Mind moves the molecules of protoplasm. It 

 first takes sun-light, and with it decomposes the 

 carbonic acid of the air and builds up carbo-hydrates 

 like starch and sugar. Then it adds nitrogen and 

 so has the basis of protoplasm. Mind thus forms 

 a store of potential chemical energy, which it uses 

 to produce physical energy. To do this it must 

 arrange the molecules and direct their movements. 

 Also the phenomena of memory shew that mind can 

 re-arrange the molecules of the brain. These latter 

 arrangements are not permanent, but fade away, 

 unless they are constantly repeated, when, in time, 

 they may become almost fixed. Mind can arrange 

 the molecules better the second time than the first, 

 which seems to shew that its power of moving mole- 

 cules is limited, and that it takes time to do it. 

 4. Mind is inexhaustible, it does not get tired. 



