MONISM AND DUALISM 241 



exists, and he thinks that there is sufficient evidence 

 to shew that it is distinct from matter and energy. 

 Certainly he cannot explain what mind is, but in 

 this he is no worse off than the monist. 



Dualism. Let us now see what are the reasons 

 for thinking that matter and mind are essentially 

 different, and cannot have been derived the one from 

 the other. As in the present phase of evolution all 

 matter is in motion, we may consider the two as 

 inseparable, and the problem resolves itself into the 

 question, is mind, or life, a form of or a product 

 of physical energy? I think that the following 

 considerations will shew that this is not possible. 



1. Mind is not inherent in matter, not even in 

 protoplasm, as is shewn by the first division of the 

 egg-cell in many plants and animals. This division 

 divides the protoplasm of the egg-cell into two por- 

 tions, one of which is alive, the other dead. 



2. Mind directs and controls energy, and we 

 cannot conceive it as derived from the energy it 

 controls. The brain cannot originate. Matter can 

 influence mind only after mind has arranged the 

 matter, and even then the matter is inert. Evi- 

 dently mind must be quite distinct from energy, as 

 they are not interchangeable. 



3. Mind is inexhaustible. When we call upon 

 the memory to repeat a previous thought, we 

 strengthen it ; and it is impossible that any form of 

 energy could be increased by use. Mind is trans- 

 formed into energy without any loss to itself. 



4. Mind does not follow the path of least resis- 

 tance. It is always trying to do something new, 



18 



