PREFACE. 



THIS abbreviated and simplified edition of my Elementary 

 Botany has been prepared for the use of pupils in the secondary 

 schools, where short, or half-year, courses in botany are given, 

 and where, for one reason or another, my larger book cannot 

 be adapted to such abbreviated courses. A large part of the 

 matter has been rewritten, only the less technical descriptive 

 portions being retained. 



The subject-matter is arranged for three different uses : exer- 

 cises for the pupils, demonstrations by the teacher, and descrip- 

 tive matter for reading and reference. To clearly set apart, for 

 the convenience of the teacher and pupil, the work suggested 

 for each, all the work outlined for the teacher is placed under 

 the head of demonstration, whether the setting up of apparatus or 

 an actual demonstration before the class ; so also all the prac- 

 tical work of the pupils, whether an experiment or an ordinary 

 exercise, is put under the head of exercise. The demonstrations 

 and the exercises each have their own consecutive numbering, 

 so that the teacher can tell at a glance the subdivisions of the 

 work. Where there are a sufficient number of microscopes, so 

 that one can be allotted to two or three pupils, many of the 

 demonstrations can be used as exercises, at the discretion of the 

 teacher. All the paragraphs, whether descriptive, demonstration 

 or exercise, have a separate and consecutive numbering. 



The first chapter in this abbreviated book is devoted to a 

 study of how seedlings grow from the seed, and this is followed 

 by a chapter on shoots, buds, etc., in order to give an oppor- 

 tunity for some out-door work if the season is propitious, or for 



