G YMNOSPERMS. 



pearance of a young female cone or flower. These young 

 female cones, at about the time that the pollen is escaping 

 from the anthers, are long ovate, measuring about 6-10 mm 

 long. They stand upright as shown in fig. 170. 



313, Form of a "scale" of the female flower. If we 

 remove one of the scales from the cone at this stage we can 

 better study it in detail. It is flattened, 

 and oval in outline, with a stout " rib," if 

 it may be so called, running through the 

 middle line and terminating in a point. 

 The scale is in two parts as shown in fig. 

 173, which is a view of the under side. 

 The small " outgrowth " which appears as 

 an appendage is the cover scale, for while it 

 is smaller in the pine than the other portion, 

 in some of the relatives of the pine it is 

 larger than its mate, and being on the out- 

 side, covers it. ' (The inner scale is some- 

 times called the ovuliferous scale, because 

 it bears the ovules.) 



314. Ovules, or macrosporangia, of the 



Fig. 171. Fig. 172. Fig. 173. 



Section of female cone Scale of white pine with the Scale of white pine seen 



of white pine, showing two ovules at base of ovulif- from the outside, showing the 



young ovules (macrospo- erous scale. cover scale, 

 rangia) at base of the ovu- 

 liferous scales. 



pine. At each of the lower angles of the scale is a curious oval 

 body with two curved, forceps-like processes at the lower and 



