viii.] THE MUSCLES. 289 



from the sides of the larynx, from the cornua and cornicula 

 of the hyoid, from the lower jaw and pterygoids, and meet 

 together in the middle line behind the pharynx, where, at 

 their summit, they are attached to the basi-occipital. 



The soft palate is formed with the help of five pairs of 

 small muscles : (i) the levator palati, descending from the 

 petrous bone to meet its fellow of the opposite side, and also 

 (2) the closely applied pair (miscalled azygos uvula) which 

 descend vertically from the palate; (3) the circumfleocus palati, 

 going from the pterygoid to the palate ; (4) the palato-glossus, 

 descending from the uvula outwards to the wall of the throat ; 

 and (5) \hzpalato-pharyngeuSy arching downwards and back- 

 wards from the uvula so as to leave a gap between it and the 

 palato-glossus. 



6. The MUSCLES OF THE BACK are arranged in successive 

 layers. Beginning with the most superficial of these, we find 

 a large sheet of muscle called the trapezius. This arises 

 from the occiput, the dorsal spinous processes, and the 

 ligamentum nuchae, 1 and is inserted into the spine of the 

 scapula, the acrdmion, and the outer third of the clavicle. 



The latissimus dorsi is a very large muscular sheet which 

 arises from the spines of the sacral, lumbar, and six lowest 

 dorsal vertebras, and also from the ilium and some ribs. It 

 converges to a narrow fasciculus, which is inserted, by a 

 tendon, into the bicipital groove of the humerus. 



The rhomboideus goes from the spines of the lower cervi- 

 cal and upper dorsal vertebrae to the vertebral border of the 

 scapula. 



The levator anguli scapula arises from the diapophyses 

 of the first three or four cervical vertebrae, and goes to the 

 postero-superior angle of the scapula. 



The serratus posticus superior is a flat thin muscle which 

 springs by aponeurosis from the spinous process of the two 

 or three upper dorsal vertebrae and from the ligamentum 

 nuchae, and is inserted by fleshy digitations into the second, 

 third, and fourth ribs. 



The serratus posticus inferior similarly arises from the 

 spines of the last two dorsal and three upper lumbar vertebrae, 

 and is inserted (also by fleshy digitations) into the last four 

 ribs. 



1 This structure consists of a band of tendinous fibres extending backwards 

 from the cervical spinous processes, so as to form a partition between the neck- 

 muscles of the two sides. It is attached above to the occiput, below to the 

 Spine of the seventh cervical vertebra. 



U 



