viii.] THE MUSCLES. 291 



describe. Its main division will suffice, and this is twofold 

 one part being nearer to, the other further from, the vertebral 

 spines ; and each extending from a common origin in the 

 sacral region upwards to the neck and head, where the parts 

 assume distinct designations : 



Sacro-lumbalis. This name designates that part of the 

 erector spinae which is the more externally placed and attached 

 to the ribs. Its uppermost continuation (which goes to the 

 transverse processes of three or four cervical vertebrae) is 

 called the cermcalis ascendens, or sometimes desccndens. 



Longissimus dor si is the term applied to the inner part of 

 the erector spinae ; it is attached to the transverse pro- 

 cesses, the metapophyses, and the ribs within their angles. 

 Its summit (going to the transverse processes of four or five 

 cervical vertebras) is called the tr answer satis cervicis. 



Other minor subdivisions of the erector spinae bear the 

 names spinalis, semi- spinalis, imdtifidiis spines, rotatores 

 spines, and interspinales, the details of which will be found 

 in ordinary works on Anthropotomy. 



The complexus is a thick muscle going obliquely to the 

 occiput from the diapophyses of the three uppermost dorsal 

 and four lowermost cervical vertebras. A small muscle pass- 

 ing from the spine of the axis to the occiput is called the 

 rectus capitis posticus major, while the rectus capitis posticiis 

 minor (inserted below the last) springs from the neural arch 

 of the atlas. The obliqui capitis pass respectively, the inferior 

 from the spine of the axis to the transverse processes of the 

 atlas the superior from the latter to behind the mastoid 

 processes. 



Inter-transversales connect the transverse processes of ad- 

 jacent vertebrae. 



7. OF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY WC have in 



front a large pectoralis major, the fibres of which, arising 

 from the clavicle, sternum, and ribs, converge to be inserted 

 into the bicipital groove of the humerus. We have also a 

 pectoralis minor, which goes from the third, fourth, and fifth 

 ribs to the coracoid process. 



The subclavius is a small muscle placed as its name im- 

 plies, and extending from the cartilage of the first rib to the 

 under surface of the clavicle. 



A muscle called the serrahis magnus is really but an in- 

 ferior portion of the levator anguli scapulae before described. 

 It arises by pointed digitations from eight ribs, and is inserted 

 into the base (or vertebral border) of the scapula. 

 U 2 



