1.1 



171 



phuric acid) were imported in 1872. Indian Madder is 

 the produce of an allied species, /?. cordifolia. 



The seeds of Cleavers, or Goose-grass (Galium 

 Aparine\ are said to have the flavour of Coffee when 

 roasted. 



35. Natural Order Valerianese. The Valerian Family. 



DISTRIBUTION. Principally confined to the north 

 temperate zone and South American Andes. British 

 genera 2, species 6. 



Herbs. Corolla epigynous. Stamens epipetalous, fewer than 

 corolla-lobes. Fruit I -celled. 



Type Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis). 



An erect perennial herb, with opposite pinnatifid 

 leaves, and terminal many-flowered cymes of small pale 

 lilac or white flowers. 



OBSERVE the dioecious floAvers of Marsh Valerian 

 ( Valeriana dioicd) : the calyx of the ripe fruit of Common 

 Valerian ; at the time of flowering, the limb of the calyx 

 is represented by a thickened rim, but as the fruit ripens 

 the limb expands in the form of a crown of feathered 

 hairs {pappus) : the gibbous one-sided dilatation of 

 the base of the corolla-tube in the same species ; in 

 Centranth (Centranthus) it is lengthened down into a 

 spur ; a transverse section of the ovary exhibits but a 



