1 78 COMPOSITE. [CLASS 



Echinops, with globular flower-heads and each floret 

 enclosed in a special involucel. 



Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus), introduced into the pampas 

 of South America, has spread over a large tract of 

 country in such abundance as to form impenetrable 

 masses when in flower, C. Cardunciilus is the 

 Cardoon. 



Safflower, the dried corollas of Carthamus tinctorius, 

 made up into cakes. It affords an excellent rose dye, 

 and, treated with carbonate of soda and lemon-juice, 

 rouge. 



Everlastings, the flower-heads of species of Helichrysum> 

 Gnaphalium y &c., called " Everlastings " from their 

 dry, scarious, persistent involucres. They are fastened 

 together into wreaths and chaplets, and sold in France, 

 as "immortelles" to deck the tombs of friends. 



Amongst Liguliflorae (characterised, besides the per- 

 fect ligulate florets, by milky juice) note 



Salsify and Scorzonera, the esculent roots of Tragopogon 



porrifolium and Scorzonera hispanica. 

 Dandelion, the roots used in rustic medicine. 

 Chicory, the kiln-dried, and then roasted and powdered 



root of Cichorium Intybus, used extensively to mix 



with coffee. To detect its presence in ground coffee, 



add a little of the suspected mixture to a glass of water. 



If Chicory be preseht, a yellowish tinge will be rapidly 



imparted to the water. 



Catanache carulea of the South of Europe is one of the 

 few ornamental species afforded by Liguliflorae. The 

 Tribe Tubuliflorae, on the other hand, is rich in garden 

 flowers, including, besides Chrysanthemums and Sun- 

 flowers, Dahlia, French and African Marigolds (Peruvian 

 species of Tagetes\ Zinnia, Cineraria, Senecio, &c. 



38. Natural Order Campanulaceae. The Bell-flower 

 Family. 



DISTRIBUTION. Temperate regions of both hemi- 

 spheres ; a large proportion affecting mountainous situa- 

 ^tions. British genera 4, species 14. 



