APPENDIX. 279 



LEAVES alternate, radical and cauline ; radical leaves lyrate- 

 pinnatifid, cauline pinnatifid, segments pinnatifid or coarsely 

 toothed, glabrescent, exstipulate, 



CAPITULA heterogamous, pedunculate, peduncles usually 

 cottony: involucre hemispherical, of numerous (13 15) oblong- 

 lanceolate, subacute, equal bracts : outer scales lax, minute : 

 receptacle fab. or slightly convex, naked \florets numerous, yellow ; 

 of the disk regular, hermaphrodite, of the ray irregular, pistillate. 



CALYX gamosepalous, adherent, limb pappose. 



COROLLA (of the disk- florets) tubular, 5-toothed (of the ray 

 florets), ligulate, spreading, 3-toothed. 



STAMENS pentandrous, epipetalous ; filaments filiform, epipe 

 talous ; anthers syngenesious, linear, 2-celled, dehiscing longi- 

 tudinally. 



PISTIL syncarpous ; ovary inferior, I -celled ; style filiform; 

 stigma bifid ; ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. 



FRUIT an achene with pilose pappus ; seed solitary, erect, 

 exalbuminous ; embryo with an inferior radicle. 



COMMON BEECH. Fagus sylvatica. 

 CLASS Dicotyledons. Division Monochlamydea. 



A large, deciduous tree. 



BRANCHES flexuose, slender, terete, reddish-brown, glabrous; 



LEAVES alternate, petiolate, simple, elliptical or ovate, den- 

 ticulate-serrate or nearly entire, sub-acute, shining, with sparse 

 silky hairs when young, glabrous at length, secondaiy veins 

 straight, parallel, reaching to the margin ; petioles short ; stipules 

 scaly, linear-lanceolate, caducous. 



FLOWERS axillary, monoecious : male flowers in pendulous, 

 pedunculate, subglobose, silky catkins ; perianth campanulate 

 multifid, lobes acute ; stamens about 9 (5 12), exserted, fila- 

 ments filiform, anthers oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudi- 

 nally ; pistil o ; female flowers, usually in pairs inclosed in an 

 erect, shortly pedunculate involucre, covered with subulate 

 silky scales ; perianth gamophyllous., superior, limb minutely 

 toothed ; stamens o ; ovary inferior, syncarpous, triquetrous, 

 3-celled ; styles three, subulate, spreading ; stigmas linear, 

 lateral ; ovules 2 in each cell, axile. 



FRUITS ovoid, acutely triquetrous, J-celled, usually in pairs, 

 inclosed in a silky 4-valved rather prickly involucre with the 

 valves at length recurved ; seed solitary, exalbuminous ; embryo 

 with a superior radicle. 



