S6 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [29-31. 



and Buckthorn. It bears the stamens in Maple and 

 Mignonette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferse. 



86. Combined deviations are quite frequent, and sometimes obscure the 

 typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require close observa- 

 tion in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of both amusement 

 and improvement. Eor example, the ty Poppy has suppression in the calyx, 

 multiplication in the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. 

 The fy Sage has cohesion and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregu- 

 larity in the corolla, suppression and irregularity in the stamens, suppression 

 and cohesion in the pistils. The ty Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet 

 has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great inequality in the petals, cohesion, 

 adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and cohesion in the carpels. 



(In this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of Q-era- 

 nium, Hollyhock, Moth-mullein, Larkspur, Sweetbrier, Touch-me-not, Petunia, 

 Snapdragon, Violet, Polygala, Squirrel-corn, Orchis, Henbit, Monk's-hood, 

 Calceolaria, etc.) 



CHAPTER V. 



XTHE FLORAL ENVELOPES, OR PERIANTH. 

 In our idea of the typical flower, the perianth 

 consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves encir- 

 cling and protecting the more delicate essential organs 

 in their midst. As a rule, the outer circle, calyx, is 

 green and far less conspicuous than the inner circle 

 of highly colored leaves the corolla. But there are 

 many exceptions to this rule. Strictly speaking, the 

 calyx and corolla are in no way distinguishable except 

 by position. The outer circle is the calyx, whatever 

 be its form or color ; and the inner, if there be more 

 than one, is the corolla. 



88. Both blade and petiole are distinguishable in 

 the floral leaves, especially in the petals. The blade, 

 or expanded part, is here called limb, or lamina ; the 

 petiolar part, when narrowed into a stalk, is called the 

 claw. In form, or outline, there is a general resem- 



