CONTENTS. 5 



CHAPTER XV. Of the Stem, or Ascending Axis 84 



CHAPTER XVI. Forms of the Leaf -Stems, aerial, caulescent 88 



1, Jointed, or hollow stems of Grasses, Sedges, Canes Culm. 



2, The stout woody stem of Trees, covered with bark Trunk. 



3, The woody, simple columns of Palms, etc., without bark Caudex. 



4, Weak, slender stems, climbing or trailing Vine. 



CHAPTER XVII. Forms of Scale-Stems, acaulescent 92 



1, Slender, prostrate, rooting, on or in the ground Creeper. 



2, Fleshy, thick, rooting, mostly under ground A . . . ( Rhizome. 



3, Swollen with starch, under ground, with buds (eyes) Tuber. 



4, Bulbous, solid, with thin scales, under ground Corm. 



5, Bulbous, consisting mostly of thick scales Bulb. 



CHAPTER XVIII. The Leaf -Bud. Vernation (and Estivation, Chap. XXTV) 97 



* Separate ; regarding a single leaf (petal or sepal) in bud. 



1, Leaf flat, neither folded nor rolled in the bud Open. 



2, Bent forward, apex toward the base Reclined. 



3, Folded on the axis Conduplicate. 



4, Folded in plaits like a fan Plicate. 



5, Boiled on its axis downward Circinate. 



6, Rolled with its axis. 



a From one edge into a scroll Convolute. 



b From both edges inward Involute. 



c From both edges backward Revolute. 



* General ; regarding the whole bud. 



1, Edges meeting, Valvate. 



With the margins straight Valvate. 



With the margins involute Induplicate. 



With the margins revolute Reduplicate. 



2, One edge overlapping, each leaf oblique Twisted or Contorted. 



3, Both edges overlapping, Imbricate. 



a Conduplicate leaves, alternately. 



Embracing Equitant. 



Half embracing Obvolute. 



6 Leaves in threes, one of them exterior Triauetrous. 



c Leaves in fives, two of them exterior Quincuncial. 



d Each leaf or petal embracing all those within Convolute. 



e Exterior petal largest (Sweet Pea) Vexillary. 



4, Gamopetalous corolla folded in plaits. 



Plaits straight Plicate. 



Plaits oblique Supervolute. 



CHAPTER XIX. Of the Leaf . Phyllotaxy 102 



