iv EDITOR'S PREFACE. 



It was the intention of the Author that this work should be a 

 text-book suited to the needs of students in our Academies, 

 High-schools, and Colleges, intending his " Object Lessons in 

 Botany" to meet the wants of younger pupils; hence, in the 

 changes that have been made this design has been kept in view. 



The work now, with its revision, new matter, additional illus- 

 trations, and fresh type, is substantially a new book. 



Its original character for educational purposes has been care- 

 fully preserved and in several features improved. It is in its new 

 form a suitable introduction and companion to any of the man- 

 uals of the Flora of North America. 



It affords the Editor great pleasure to record the acknowledg- 

 ment of his obligations to his personal friends among the botanists 

 of New York and vicinity for their sympathy in the work. 



He is especially indebted to Dr. Geo. Macloskie, Senior Pro- 

 fessor of Botany and Zoology in the John C. Green School of 

 Science, at the College of New Jersey, for efficient aid and judi- 

 cious criticism, upon the subjects of Histology and Physiology, 

 where the statements are based upon microscopic examination. 



His gratitude is due to Dr. John S. Newberry, of Columbia 

 College, for his kind suggestions and encouragement. 



Also to Hon. Judge A. Brown and to Mr. "W. H. Budkin, of 

 New York, for their kind and valuable advice. 



O. R. WILLIS, EDITOR. 

 WHITE PLAINS, NEW YOBK, 

 March, 1889. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 



AN enlightened instructor is disappointed, on opening a text-book, if lie 

 does not find some hint from the author as to the mode of using it. 



Our best teachers of Botany differ as to what should be the subject first 

 presented to the pupil's notice. 



One would commence with the SEED ; another, with the FLOWER ; a third, 

 with HISTOLOGY and PHYSIOLOGY. 



These Lessons are so arranged that the learner may commence either 

 with the Flower, which would lead through Organography, or Structural 

 Botany, up to the Seed ; or, if the teacher prefer, he can have his class com- 

 mence with the Second part, which treats of the Cells and Vessels that build 

 up plants and trees. 



In either case, we advise that the four chapters which make up the intro- 

 duction be carefully studied, by using them as reading and talking lessons, 

 With simple illustrations, until they are well understood. 



