75, 76.] FORMS OF THE LEAF-BEARING STEMS. 89 



and Grasses. But woody stems survive the Winter, 



and often become firm and solid in substance in after 

 years ; as do all the forest trees. 



254 



252, Scale-stem (Dicentra cucullaria). 253, A flower of the same. 254, A flower of D. Canadensis. 

 255, Leaf-stem (Chimaphila maculata). 



223. CAULIS is a term generally applied to the 

 annual leafy stems of herbaceous plants. "Haulm "is 

 a term used in England with the same signification. 

 Caulescent and acaulescent are convenient terms, the 

 former denoting the presence, and the latter the ab- 

 sence of the caulis or aerial stem. 



224. THE CULM is the stem of the Grasses and the 

 Sedges, generally jointed, often hollow, rarely becom- 

 ing woody; as in Cane and Bamboo. 



225. THE TRUNK is the name of the peculiar stems 

 of arborescent plants. It is the central column or axis 



