ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 



BOTANICAL TERMS OFTEN RECURRING IN DESCRIPTIONS 



wh. achenia. 

 ast. aestivation. 

 alter, alternate. 

 amplex. amplexicaul. 

 with, anther. 

 axil/, axillary. 

 col. calyx. 

 caps, capsule. 

 cor. corolla. 

 eyp. cypsela. 

 decid. deciduous. 

 diam. diameter. 

 ellip. elliptical. 

 emarg. emarginate. 

 epiy. epigynous. 

 /. or ft. feet. 

 /U. filaments. 

 A. flower ; Jls. flowers. 



fr. fruit. 



gl. glume ; gl*. plumes. 

 hd. head ; hds. Leads. 

 hyp. hypogynons. 

 irribr. imbricate. 

 inf. inferior. 

 invol. involucre. 

 irreg. irregular. 

 leg. legume. 

 If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. 

 Ifts. leaflets. 

 lorn, loment. 

 opp. opposite. 

 ova. ovary. 

 pap. pappus. 

 ped. peduncle. 

 pet. petals. 

 perig. perigynous. 



perig. perigyninm, 



pis. pales. 



pn. pinnae. 



pnl. pinnulae. 



recep. receptacle 



reg. regular. 



rhiz. rhizoma. 



rt. root. 



sc. scale, scales. 



sds. seeds. 



seg. segment. 



sep. sepals. 



st. stem. 



sta. or stam. stamens 



stig. stigmas. 



stip. stipules. 



sty. styles. 



var. variety. 



TIMES OP FLOWERING, AND LOCALITIES. 



1. Names of the Months and Seasons are abbreviated in the usual manner, an, Jan. 

 January ; Apr. April ; Spr. Spring ; Aut. Autumn ; Sum. Summer ; &c. 



2. The names of States and Territories of the D. S. are abbreviated precisely as in 

 other works, thus : Ala. Alabama ; Ark. Arkansas ; Conn. Connecticut, &c. 



3. Sections of States are thus designated: N. N. Y. Northern New York; W. Pa. 

 Western Pennsylvania ; E. Fla. East Florida ; S. 111. Southern Illinois, &c. 



4. Names of foreign Countries :Eur. Europe ; Afr. Africa ; 8. Afr. Soutk AJr.c . 

 Aust. Australia ; Can. Canada ; Mex. Mexico ; 8. Am. South America &c. 



5. E. East, Eastward, indicates the States of the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to V'J 

 Rinia inclusive ; N-E. or N. Eng. denotes the New England States. 



6. M. is used to denote the Middle States ; viz., N. Y., Penn., N. J.. and Del. 



I. N. North, Northward, indicates generally the territory north of 42 N. latitude. 



8. N-W. Northwest, indicates Wis., Minn., and parts of 111. and Mich. 



9. ft. South, Southward, is used to indicate the Southern States in general, all lying 

 south of Virginia and Kentucky, 



10. &-W. Southwest, viz., Mise., La., Ark., and perhaps Tennessee and Texas 



II. W. Went, denotes the States lying due north of Tennessee and Arkansas. 



