296 NOTES. 
Bacon introduces it again in a characteristic passage of his Apology 
concerning ‘the Earl of Essex (Life and Letters, iii. 142): ‘ For everv 
honest man, that hath his heart well planted, will forsake his king 
rather than forsake God, and forsake his friend rather than forsake his 
king; and yet will forsake any earthly commodity, yea and his own 
life in some cases, rather than forsake his friend. I hope the world hath 
not forgotten these degrees, else the heathen saying, Amicus usque ad 
aras, shall judge them.’ [15] Tac. Ann. i. 3. [20] philosophia prima: 
See p. 105. [32] Lat. id solummodo cavendo ut physice, non logice trac- 
tentur. 
P. 114. [10] a being and moving: The Lat. adds, et naturalem necessi- 
tatem. [12] platform: Lat. ideam. [15] productions: probably a mis- 
print for ‘production.’ See p. 111, 1.14. The Lat. has productionem 
effectuum, [17] The division here referred to is Aristotle’s, as given in 
the First Book of the Metaphysics: ‘ The efficient cause is that which 
acts—the material cause that which is acted on; as when the fire melts 
wax, the former is the efficient, the latter the material cause of the effect 
produced. The formal cause is that which in the case of any object 
determines it to be that which it is, and is thus the cause of its various 
properties ; it is thus the “ratio essentice,” the Adyos 7s ovotas, The 
final cause is that for the sake of which any effect takes place, whether 
the agent is or is not intelligent.’ Ellis’s note on the corresponding 
passage of the De Augmentis, [27] Virg. Ecl. viii. 80. 
P. 115. [20] Mr, Ellis (Gen. Preface, p. 29) says that Bacon ‘has repeat- 
edly denied the truth of the scholastic doctrine that Forms are incogno- 
scible because supra-sensible.’ See Nov. Org.i.75;ii.2. [23] See Nov. 
Org. ii. 1: Date autem nature formam, sive differentiam veram, sive naturam 
naturantem, sive fontem emanationis ..invenire, opus et intentio est humane 
scientiea. Mr, Ellis, in his General Preface to the Philosophical Works 
(pp. 28-31), after pointing out that in Bacon’s system ‘ substance is con- 
ceived of as the causa immanens of its attributes, or in other words itis the 
formal cause of the qualities which are referred to it,’ divides these quali- 
ties into primary and secondary ; the former being those which belong to 
substance as its essential attributes, the latter those which are connected 
with it by the relation of cause and effect. He then shows that Bacon’s 
‘conception of the nature of Forms relates merely to the primary quali- 
ties of bodies. For instance, the Form of heat is a kind of local motion 
of the particles of which bodies are composed, and that of whiteness a 
mode of arrangement among those particles. This peculiar motion or 
arrangement corresponds to and engenders heat or whiteness, and this in 
every case in which those qualities exist. The statement of the distin- 
guishing character of the motion or arrangement, or of whatever else 
may be the Form.of a given phenomenon, takes the shape of a law; it 
is the law in fulfilling which any substance determines the existence of 
