commonly elevate the testa ; the hypocotyl erects geotropically, and the cotyledons 

 diverge in a whorl. Growth of the plumule with juvenile leaves follows in the first 

 season, spur-growths normally in the second season, and lateral leaders in the 

 third year {P. sylvestris), A larger embryo in P. Pima ; the deep-sinking root is 

 characteristic, cf. P. palustris with deep root, and plumule remaining short for 

 5-6 years. Annual increment of young plants commonly i-i^ ft. per season, with 

 subsequent slight extension. Flowering at 15-30 years old {P. sylvesiris). 



Classification follows conventional lines, combining several factors of unknown 

 value, as by 5-3-2 -needled spurs, size, form, and details of cone, umbo terminal or 

 central, apophysis rhomboidal, crested, ridged, spinous, or hooked. For empirical 

 schemes cf. Engelmann (1880), Koehne (1893), Shaw (1914). For cones of available 

 forms : — 



I. Five-needled Pines. 



P. excelsa (Blue Himalayan Pine), 80-120 ft., 3 ft. 6 in. diam., leaves 5-8 in., 

 cone curved, cylindrical, 6-10 in., in clusters of 2-5, stalk 1-2 in.; scales soft, 

 (3 : 5) seriate, apophysis rhomboidal, striate : umbo terminal, pointed, 2 mm. 



P. Lamtertiana (Sugar Pine) ; sugar (Finite) exuded from old heart- wood ; 

 1 50-200 ft. or more; 6-12 ft. diam., Oregon and California; needles 3-4 in.: cones 

 12-21 in. by 3-4: scales thin; apophy sis-margin slightly reflexed in open cone, 

 umbo rounded: Seed 15 mm., wing 20 mm., cots. 12-15. 



P. Strobus (Weymouth Pine, American White-Pine, Eastern States), 150-175 ft., 

 5 ft. diam., needles 3-4 in., cones 4-6 in., very slender, (3 : 5) seriate; cone-scales 

 smooth, rounded margin; umbo terminal. P. monticola (Western States) closely 

 similar, cones relatively broader. 



P. Cembra (Swiss Stone-Pine), 70-130 ft., leaves 2-|— 3-|; cones 2-3 in. by 2, 

 ovoid ; apophysis striate, umbo terminal ; indehiscent, gnawed by squirrels ; seed 

 \ in., without any wing, sunk in cone-scale tissue. 



II. Three-needled Pines. 



P. radiata {= insignis), Monterey Pine, California: 100 ft.; to 6 ft. diam., 

 needles 4-6 mm., cones 3-5 in., massive, asymmetrical, large rounded apophyses on 

 exposed side ; umbo central ; cone persistent many years, ' multinodal ' at Monterey. 

 Seed 6 mm., wing 20 mm. 



P. Coulteri, Californian, 70 ft. ; to 4 ft. diam., needles 10-12 in. ; massive cones, 

 10-14 in. ; scales (5 : 8) seriate ; apophysis rhomboidal, exaggerated on exposed side 

 to conoidal form with strong hooked umbo (10 mm.). 



P. longifolia, Himalyan. Needles pendulous, 16 in.: cones 5-8 in., massive, 

 apophysis a conoidal reflexed hook, umbo apical. 



III. Two-needled Pines. 



P. Pinaster {= ?7iarilima\ Cluster-Pine, Biscay coast; 60-80 ft. to 120, and 

 4 ft. diam., needles 5-8 in., cones in 'whorls', often excessive: 3-6-7 in., apophysis 

 rhomboidal, (5 : 8) seriate, with strong transverse crest, and pointed umbo, 3-4 mm. 



P. Pinea (Sione-Pine, Parasol Pine, Mediterranean Reg.), 100 ft. to 6 ft. diam., 

 needles 5 in., cones 5-6 in., massive ovoid to sub-spherical; scales smooth, (8 : 13) 

 seriate, apophysis with three annual growths, umbo smooth: Seed ;|-i in. 



P. Laricio (= w/^rz'(f(7«j), Corsican Pine, 100-150 ft., needles 4-6 in., cones 

 2-3 in. ovoid tapering, scales (3:5:8) seriate ; apophysis rhomboidal with transverse 

 crest and slight rounded umbo projection and minute reflexed spine. 



P. austriaca (var. of preceding). Foliage darker, needles stouter, scales of axis 

 and buds exaggerated : cones larger, brighter coloured, apophysis more decided, 

 at best a rounded knob. 



P. sylvestris, cones i|-2 in., tapering, apophysis rhomboidal, smooth or prolonged 

 in cui-ved process on exposed side or base, often strongly hooked; (5 : 8) seriate ; 

 umbo with reflexed mucro. 



P. montana (= Pumilid), 5-i5 ft-> cones small, apophysis rhomboidal with 

 slightly bevelled facets ; (5:8) seriate : umbo with minute reflexed point. 



P. muricata (Prickly-Cone Pine), California; cones 3 in., ovoid, apophysis 

 conoidal, spinous on exposed side; indefinitely closed : varies to 3-needled : cones 

 in false whorls below the laterals (multinodal). 



P. Banksiana (Jack Pine), cones 2\ in., very slender, commonly distorted ; 

 (3 : 5) seriate, apophysis flat (umbo inconspicuous) with radiating striae. 



16 



