JUNIPERUS (35). Northern types, widely distributed. Maximum in sub- 

 tropical regions; trees and shrubs of Cupressoid habit, but the phyllotaxis varies to 

 whorled trimery, and the small * cones ' remain succulent ; the scales fuse up more or 

 less, and tend to become non-dehiscent and bird-dispersed ' berries ' : often dioecious : 

 the limit of Cupressoid specialization in 3 distinct sub-sections equivalent to genera. 



I. Juniperus sinensis (= chme72sis), 60 ft. tree, Himalya, Japan. 



Shoot- systcvi, trimerous or dimerous, varying on the same branch; with hetero- 

 phylly ; leaves acicular with waxy bloom (and stomatal tract on upper side), glaucous, 

 8 mm,, wiih sharp points ; also decussate and adpressed {Cupressiis-X.y'^^ or trimerous, 

 all on the same shoot. 



Siaminate flowers, abundant, on ramuli of previous season, formed in autumn, 

 functional in March, 6 mm. ; stamens 7-8 pairs, pollen-sacs 4, connective-flap yellow; 

 pollen, spherical, 30 /x,: output enormous on staminate tree. 



Ovulate flower ( = y. sphacricci), small, green, decussate, with 2 uppermost scales 

 sterile, typically 4 ovules, 2 per scale, as in preceding, varying 6 : closing after pol- 

 lination to green cone with white waxy bloom (10 mm.) of irregular shape. Seeds 

 ripened in autumn ; cones dry and shrivelled by Dec. 



II. Juniperus communis, 40 ft. tree, indigenous as reduced dwarf {nafta) form 

 on mountains, little more than 8 in. high ; leaves all acicular, 10 mm., sharp-pointed 

 and trimerous, functional 3 years ; no D.V. organization in shoot-system. Dioecious. 



Staminate flowers of 5-6 whorls of 3, pollen-sacs 3-4. 



Ovulate flowers, trimerous, terminating short ramuli of 6-7 whorls of scales ; only 

 the upper 3 scales alternate with 3 erect ovules, fusing up in green cone by basal 

 intercalation. 



'Berry' ripened in second year, glossy, 8 mm., like black currant, with blue 

 waxy bloom. At apex triradiate mark of 3 adpressed scales with papillose epidermis. 

 Pigment in epidermis only; seeds 3, 5 mm., with strongly sclerosed testa. Bird- 

 dispersed. Cotyledons 2. Seedling with acicular juvenile leaves, decussate for ist 

 and 2nd year. The most advanced of the series : acicular leaves express a retention 

 of more ancestral stage (otherwise 'juvenile'); trimery is a secondary departure ; the 

 succulent fused cone follows as the last expression of the Biota-J. sphaerica sequence. 

 For bird-dispersal and anthocyan-pigmentation, cf. Taxus : for copious production of 

 short spur-shoots, giving a dense tufted habit to the foliage-system, cf. Cedrus. 



J. Virginiana gives 'Pencil Cedar' ; J. cotnmums berries 'Gin ' (Gen^vrier). 



Comparison of Pltylloynorphic Cupressineae. 



1. Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ; Last Phyllomorphic ramuli 2 mm. broad, 

 scales acuminate, claw-like (2 mm.) with no translucent resin-cyst, only a slight 

 median keel on D. units: Internodal extension 10 mm. 



2. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana; ultimate ramuli little over i mm. wide; 

 scales with blunt apices (and very minute mucro) and boldly waved diagonal curves: 

 Resin-cyst broadly elliptical or sub-spherical ; most translucent and conspicuous (esp. 

 in sunlight). Internodal extension 10-20 mm. (40 on pendulous leader). 



3. Thuya gigantea; ultimate ramuli much compressed, 2 mm. broad; green 

 scales of lateral series with marked mucronate tips and rounded convex margin. 

 Resin-c\st narrowly elliptical and less translucent. Internodal extension 10 mm. 



4. Thuya occidentalis ; similarly comjjressed, with shorter ramuli ; apices 

 acute ; resin-cyst prominent and projecting at the surfiice. Internodal extension 

 10 mm. On main phyllomorph axes the resin-cysts appear as small blisters, and 

 a scale may show 1-2 accessory lateral ones. Foliage usually bronzed in winter. 



5. Biota orientalis ; Phyllomorphs in vertical radial j)lanes ; ultimate ramuli, 

 short, I mm. broad ; marginal scales with more or less irregularly straight outline. 

 Cyst ill-marked, narrowly elongated. Internotlal extension 5—10 mm. 



6. Libocedrus decurrens ; Phyllomorphic ramuli much compressed, i-i^ in. 

 long, and 2 mm. broad : apices of flanking members appearing at same level as 

 D.V. series, and so ' decurrent ' along their entire course : tips acute ; resin-cyst only 

 vaguely translucent. 



7. Retinospora-forms ; phyllomorphs with small acute acicular leaves, 

 throughout, not adpressed, and more Fern-like in appearance ; as persistent juvenile 

 phases (sjoorts) of Cupressus, Thuya, and Biota ; cf. Retinospora obtiisa as from 

 Chajuaecsparis pisifera, with branch-reversion. 



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