and suggested area on cone-face. Pollen-grains germinate in the axils of the scales, 

 with haustorial growths: fertilization 13 months after pollination, and seeds matured 

 in 4 more. Adult cone 2-3 in. diam., round and woody, falling to pieces; seeds 

 10 mm., free, with broad unilateral wing: cotyledons 2. Exploited for gum-resin. 



A. robusta (Dundathu Pine), 150 ft., and to 8 ft. diam., m.ost valuable Queens- 

 land timber-tree : leaves 4-6 in. and i broad, lanceolate or ovate, spirally arranged, 

 pectinated on laterals. Cones 5 in. by 4 ; seeds with unilateral wing. A fine tree 

 with columnar trunk and spreading branches, gum-resin dries black. 



Dammara orientalis, on mountains of Molucca Is., a large tree, 100 ft. ; leaves 

 2-4 in., and i -I wide, pectinated in 2 series; dioecious; cones 4 in. in diam., with 

 disdnct effect of ' cone-scale ' on cone-facet. 



Timbers : Araucaria imbricata. annual rings 5 mm. broad, wood without resin- 

 ducts, all the M. rays uniseriate ; pitted tracheides with bordered pits in 1-2 rows, 

 close-set, in patches near ends of tracheides ; when 2-ranked the border assumes an 

 effect of ' hexagonal ' packing. M.R.P. with contracted and attenuated ends, thin 

 walls on all sides, pits flared and bordered, large, 2-7 per tracheide. 



A. excelsa, tropical, with no demarcation of rings; tracheides with bordered pits 

 close set 1-2 (3) rows. M.R.P. thin walled, contracted ends, with small oblique or 

 flared pits, close set and bordered, 2-9 per tracheide. 



Agathis aiistrahs, finest timber, tracheides full of resin ' bars ', rings feebly differen- 

 tiated, 2 mm. Bordered pits in 2 (1-3) rows, close set. M.R.P. 2-6 per tracheide, 

 small, flared and bordered. Pits on tangendal walls of summer-wood. 



TAXO I DS : Coniferae are conveniently classed in two main groups as 

 (i) Pinoids, with typically dry 'cones' and wind-dispersed seeds; (2) Taxoids, in 

 which the seeds are solitary, more or less succulent, and dispersed by birds. The case 

 C)[ Jimiperus comviunis shows how a similar biological adaptation may be perfected in 

 the Cupressineae series ; and indications of spiral cone-aggregation may be found 

 in Taxoids {Saxegothed). While the Pinoids (Pinaceae) are taken in four main 

 series, the Taxoids (Taxaceae) are conveniently separated into two, according as the 

 ovules are erect ( Taxus) or inverted {Podocarpus). Pollination as before is typically 

 by a drop-mechanism (Taxiis), but may be superseded (Saxcgothed). 



Special interest centres in Podoearpus (60 sp.), as a great race of forest-trees 

 of the Southern Hemisphere (Australia and New Zealand), very imperfectly known ; 

 strays extending to Pacific Coast, tropical mountains, Africa, E. Indies, China, and 

 Japan : the genus practically corresponds in the S. Hemisphere to Pinus of the 

 North Temperate forest-zone, and presents the case of the type of Conifer most 

 widely divergent from Pi7tus in many respects. Usually dioecious ; timber correspond- 

 ing with that of Taxus ; pitted tracheides with tertiary spiral thickening : foliage- 

 leaves spiral on erect shoots, D.V. and pectinated on laterals {P. japonicd), with one 

 median V.B., and one median duct. Staminate flower of small stamens, spirally 

 arranged, each with 2 pollen-sacs; dehiscence longitudinal, and pollen-grains winged 

 in the manner of Pinus. Ovulate flower remarkable, the ovules being borne solitary 

 in the axil of funclionless reduced bract-scale, on an elongated inflorescence-system 

 (/*. spicata), or reduced to 2-1 {P. Totara), anatropous, with 'two integuments': 

 the inner delimits the micropyle, and becomes a sclerotesta; the outer, succulent, 

 turns red later, and edible more or less to birds, &c. Special case in P. Toiara, 

 60 ft., Totara Pine, New Zealand, with dark-red mahogany-like wood ; the inflores- 

 cence-axis below 2-1 ovules becomes succulent, enlarged like cherry with projecting 

 * stone ', hence generic name. P. elongata of S. Africa with habit of Kauri. 



Comparisofi of Leaves of Taxoids. 



I. Taxus baccata, needle 1-2 in. and 2 mm. wide: one central bundle, 

 no ducts, no endodermis, no sclerosed hypoderm : palisade 1-2-3 rows, wanting in 

 shade-leaves : guard-cells lignified, in stomatal tracts on lower surface (6 cut in each) ; 

 subsidiary-cells with papillose knobs ; transfusion-tracheides as wing-extensions, with 

 reticulated thickening and pits. 



II. Podoearpus japonica, leaf 2^ in. and 4 mm. wide ; D.V. generalized 

 type; upper epidermis aqueous, with thick outer wall; palisade 2-3 rows deep; one 

 central V.B., and one associated duct on lower surface. Transfusion-tracheides as 

 prominent wing-extensions, with reticulated thickening : stomatal tracts on lower 

 surface, about 15 stomata cut in each. 



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