476 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



lands, it is calculated, by the shape of its teeth, to bring to the 

 surface all grass and rubbish. The teeth are placed in three 

 rows, in order to allow sufficient distance from each other to 

 prevent choking, and the implement is so constructed as that, by 

 means of levers, the teeth may be elevated or depressed at 

 pleasure. According to the form of the lands it may be required 

 to operate upon, it may either be used perfectly parallel, or the 

 fore teeth may be made to penetrate deeper than the hinder ones, 

 whilst those at either side may, when one wheel is required to 

 run in the furrow, be instantly adjusted to the level of the land, 

 so that every tine shall penetrate to a uniform depth of six 

 inches, if required ; and they will work equally well at any less 

 depth. 



&quot; I have frequently seen this implement at work on very foul 

 land and on stubbles, when it has been too hard to allow the 

 use of the plough. As the interval between the lines formed by 

 its teeth does not exceed four inches, the soil has been com 

 pletely stirred. The tines may be either used with points or 

 with steel hoes ; and with the latter the skimming, or, as it is 

 frequently called, the broadshare process, may be quickly 

 accomplished. The weight is not found to be a disadvantage, 

 but, from the stability it gives, the contrary ; and, being borne 

 on high wheels, it does not require so much horse-labor as might 

 be supposed, two horses, on most soils, being generally suffi 

 cient.&quot; 



LXXXVI. SCARIFYING, OR GRUBBING. 



What is called, in England, the scarifying or grubbing of land, 

 is little else than harrowing it with a deeper and stronger instru 

 ment than a common harrow, with a view to reduce it to fine 

 tilth, and to bring up the roots and weeds which may infest the 

 land. The English and Scotch aim, in their husbandry, at an 

 extreme cleanness of cultivation. There are as it would be 

 strange if there were not examples among them of slovenly 

 cultivation ; but cleanness is the prominent and almost universal 

 characteristic of their husbandry. The late Lord Leicester, (Mr. 



