480 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



&quot; The land is left by this implement in a state to be immedi 

 ately harrowed, which may be done in time to break the clods 

 before they become too hard. 



&quot; In all cases, where it is desirable to give tillage to the land 

 without turning down the surface, this implement may be used 

 with great advantage. 



&quot;Directions for using the Scarifier. In using the scarifier, 

 attention should be paid to set it level, and the depth of scarify 

 ing may be varied from one to ten inches, which is done by 

 means of the two levers. 



&quot; When the land is very hard, and required 

 to be cut clean, first use the chisel points, and 

 then follow with the wide hoes. 



&quot; The chisel points only should be used on 

 clover leys ; the roots of the clover being too tough for the hoes, 

 and are not required to be cut up. 



&quot; The horses should be kept in a direct line, and the imple 

 ment not suffered to turn without taking the fore part out of the 

 ground by means of the long lever. Particular attention should 

 be paid to this ; for, although the slanting direction in which the 

 tines are set will bear the draught required while the horses go 

 straight forward, they cannot stand against the twist, if the 

 scarifier be turned round before the front tines are taken out of 

 their work. It is also needful to observe, that the draught iron 

 from the fore wheels, upon which the whippletrees hang, should 

 be suspended by the draught chain higher than where the three 

 draught irons (when in work) go upon the upright part of the 

 fore axletree ; otherwise, this may bend or give way. 



&quot; The wheels, on either side, may be made to go higher or 

 lower by shifting the coupling irons, where holes are made for 

 that purpose, where one wheel has to work in the furrow ; which 

 may be the case when a stetch is scarified by going on one side 

 of it, and coming back on the other. 



&quot; It is essential to have whippletrees adapted to the imple 

 ment ; if otherwise, it will fail to scarify up the foot-marks of 

 the horses.&quot; 



The next implement for the purposes described, and which 

 has been a long time in use, is called 



