96 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



rience or skill. Instances can be cited, where, indeed, the neces 

 sary taking up and removal of an imperfect drainage has actually 

 cost more than the reconstruction of the whole work. The art 

 likewise of using to advantage the common draining tools by 

 the laborer himself is the result of training and long experience. 

 In England, where the division of agricultural labor is carried to an 

 extent, of which, in the United States, we hardly know any thing, 

 there are professional drainers almost exclusively devoted to this 

 branch of patient and severe toil, who have reached a perfection 

 in the art and the use of the tools quite deserving of admiration. 

 It must be a long time before we can have such a set of laborers, 

 unless we import them. 



13. IMPLEMENTS FOR DRAINING. I subjoin, (p. 97,) for the 

 benefit of my reader, a plate of the various implements cus 

 tomarily used in draining, which, I hope, will put him upon the 

 inquiry whether he can devise any better. 



EXPLANATION OF THE FOLLOWING PLATE. 



FIG. 1. Section of the Frequent Drain, with its filling of broken stones and its Set. 

 a First Spade, common shape. 



b Second Spade, which follows the first, and is narrower, 

 c Pick, used when the subsoil is stony. 

 d Large Scoop-Shovel, for removing the loose earth after picking. 



FIG. 2. Section of the Wedge-Drain, with its Set, as used in the carse or clay 



soil. 



a First or opening Spade, same as above. 

 b Second do. (Some use this and the following with a spur attached ; but 



the best drainers prefer pushing with the toe on the shoulder of the 



spade.) 



c Third or narrowest Spade. 

 d Narrow Scoop for cleaning out the bottom. 



FIG. 3. Section of the Tile-Drain, with its Set 

 a First Spade. 

 b Second do. 

 c A flat Scoop, with turned-up edge, for cleaning out the bottom. 



FIG. 4. A Flauchter Spade, used for cutting turf to cover the small stones in 

 the frequent drain. 



