TILE AND PIPE DRAINING. 103 



pipes in the furrows were 1J inch in the bore ; the pipes in the 

 main drain were 3 inches in diameter. The rain rushed rapidly 

 out of the new main drains, but none came out of the old 

 shallow drains into the main drain. The lands soon became 

 perfectly dry, which was very far from being the case under the 

 shallow drains. Mr. Arbuthnot adds, &quot; that he is so convinced 

 of the effect of deep drainage, that, although the whole of the 

 land which he occupies has been drained, partly with stones 

 and partly with tiles, and, as was thought, to a tolerable depth, 

 yet he designs to cross the old drains with deeper ones, in order 

 to do all in his power to free the land from excess of water. 

 Instead of using pipes of 1 J inch diameter, he would prefer the 

 pipes of the cross drains running into the main drain to have 

 been only 1 inch, being convinced that inch pipes would have 

 answered every desired purpose.&quot; * 



On a subject so curious and important as this, I deem it proper 

 to quote from a letter from Mr. Hammond (to whose experience 



I have before referred) to Mr. Parkes. &quot;I found,&quot; he says, 



II after the late rains, that a drain eight feet deep ran eight pints 

 of water, in the same time that another three feet deep ran five 

 pints, although placed at equal distances. The circumstances 

 under which this experiment was made, as well as its indica 

 tions, deserve particular notice. The site was the hop-ground 

 before referred to, which had been under-drained thirty-five 

 years since, to a depth varying from 24 to 30 inches ; and though 

 the drains were laid somewhat irregularly and imperfectly, they 

 had been maintained in good action. Mr. Hammond, however, 

 suspecting injury to be done still to the plants and the soil by 

 bottom water, which he knew to stagnate below the old drains, 

 again under-drained the piece in 1842, with inch pipes, in part 

 to 3 feet deep, and in part to 4 feet in depth, the effect proving 

 very beneficial. The old drains were left undisturbed, but 

 thenceforth ceased running, the whole of the water passing 

 below them to the new drains, as was to be expected. The 

 distance between the new drains is 26 feet, their length 150 

 yards, the fall identical, the soil clay. The experiment was 

 made on two drains adjoining each other, i. e., on the last of the 

 series of the three feet, and on the first of the series of four feet 



* Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, vol. vi. part i. p. 130. 



