322 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



sixteen quarts, and one, an Ayrshire, twenty quarts. One cow 

 was shown to me, a Yorkshire, which had yielded twenty-three 

 quarts per day. These were wine quarts, as I understood. 

 Their feed, at this time, was half a bushel ale grains, each, 

 per day ; twenty-eight pounds of hay ; some potatoes, and newly 

 mown grass, the quantity not determined, Ale grains, it is said, 

 will make more milk than porter grains. This is the opinion of 

 practical men. 



At another milk establishment which I have repeatedly vis 

 ited, two hundred and fifty cows are kept. Here, both Durham 

 and Yorkshire are principally kept. They are preferred, as being 

 best for milk, but especially as fattening easily, when dry. The 

 average yield was stated at eight quarts per day to a cow, through 

 the year, and, before &quot;the disease&quot; prevailed among them, at 

 ten quarts. This is certainly a large amount. The cows are 

 never turned out ; water is given to them in their troughs. They 

 appeared in very good condition, certainly much better than 

 the men who attended upon them. They were kept in milk as 

 long as they would pay, though one of them had been in milk 

 three years, and then gave only three quarts per day. They 

 stand upon brick floors. Their feed was one bushel of grains 

 in the morning, and one in the evening, with ten pounds of pota 

 toes, and twenty pounds of mangel-wurzel to each cow, per day. 

 One truss (fifty-six pounds) of hay was divided among ten in 

 the morning, and one truss among twenty in the evening. In 

 the proper season, grass clover or rye grass is supplied, but 

 the quantity not determined. In some cases, one bushel and a 

 half of grains, forty pounds of mangel-wurzel, and ten or twelve 

 pounds of clover hay, constituted the allowance of each cow. 

 This must be considered as very liberal ; and what better repays 

 such liberality than a good cow ? * 



* I may observe, in passing, that two strippers were employed at this estab 

 lishment to follow the milkers; and that a fine of a shilling was always levied 

 upon the milker, when any milk was found after he or she had left the cow. The 

 milk is sent out in sealed or locked vessels, containing eight gallons each, which 

 are carried upon men s or women s shoulders, and distributed over the town. 

 Where the vessels are locked, the milk cannot be adulterated after it goes into 

 the hands of the distributors. What perils it passes through before that time, 

 those who use it can best judge. The labor of distributing seems severe upon 

 women, who are much employed for this purpose, and who are principally from 

 Wales; but, in general, they are examples of ruddy health and great muscular 



