430 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



Of the climate ; the temperature, the aspect and local condition 

 of the land in reference to the products cultivated ; the ameliora 

 tion of the soil, and the substances to be used for that object, 

 with the modes of their application. 



The various horticultural operations, and implements employed ; 

 and manner in which they are to be executed. The employ 

 ment of water in irrigation ; modes of enclosing by ditches or 

 walls ; walls for the training of trees ; trellises and palings ; and 

 of protections against the wind. 



The different modes of multiplication ; sowing, engrafting by 

 cuttings and by layers, and practical illustrations of these differ 

 ent processes. The culture of seed-bearing or grain-producing 

 plants ; the choice of them ; their planting and management ; 

 the harvesting and preservation of the crops. 



Under this head comes the kitchen-garden, and the choice of 

 the best esculent vegetables for consumption ; the nursery, and 

 the complete management of trees from their first planting ; the 

 fruit-garden, considered in all its details ; and the flower-garden. 



The general results of gardening ; the employment of hand, or 

 spade-labor ; the care, preservation, and consumption of the 

 products, and their sale. The gardens at Grignon are upon a 

 scale sufficient to supply all practical demonstrations. 



The next division embraces the botanical garden. Here the 

 whole science of botany is treated in its principles, and their 

 practical application. The study of vegetable organization, with 

 a full account of the prevailing systems and nomenclature of 

 botany, and the classification of plants. Vegetable physiology, 

 in all its branches, and vegetable anatomy ; comparison of plants 

 in their native and cultivated states ; influence of cultivation in 

 developing and improving plants ; the propagation of plants in 

 their natural condition, or by artificial means : the subject of 

 rotation, or change of crops. 



The practical application of these botanical instructions ; and 

 especially in the examination of plants or vegetables which may 

 be useful in an economical view. 



The garden of the establishment embraces what is called a 

 school of trees ; a school of plants for economical and commer 

 cial purposes ; and a school of plants for common use. These 

 are all carefully classed and distinguished by their proper names. 

 The pupils are accustomed to be led into the gardens by the 



