432 EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



the instruments of agriculture ; throwing open enclosures ; de 

 struction or removal of bounds. Laying waste the crops by 

 walking over them ; inundation of fields by the stoppage of 

 streams, or the erection of mills. Injury or breaking of public 

 roads and bridges. Poisoning, killing, or wounding animals. 



The duties of country magistrates ; guards or justices of 

 peace. Of courts of law. 



Of contracts, general and specific. Contracts of sale and pro 

 hibitory conditions. Of leases of different sorts. Of hiring 

 labor ] of the obligations of masters and servants. Of corpora 

 tions, and the laws applicable to agricultural associations. 



Of deeds, mortgages, bills of exchange, commissions, and 

 powers of agency and attorney ; insurance against fire, hail, and 

 other hazards. Of the proof of obligations ; written proof; oral 

 testimony ; presumptive evidence ; of oaths. Of legal proceed 

 ings ; of the seizure of property real or personal, and of bail. 



The instruction proceeds under various courses, and I have so 

 far given but a limited account of its comprehensiveness, and the 

 variety of subjects which it embraces. 



The study of the different kinds of soil, and of manures, 

 with all their applications, and the improvements aimed at, take 

 in a wide field. Under the head of soils there are the argilla 

 ceous, the calcareous, the siliceous, turf-lands, heath-lands, vol 

 canic soils, the various subsoils, loam, and humus. 



Under the head of manures, come the excrements of animals, 

 all fecal matter, poudrette, urine ; the excrements of fowls : 

 guano ; noir animalisee j the refuse of sugar refineries ; the 

 relics of animals ; oil-cakes ; the refuse of makings ; tanners 

 bark ; bones, hair, and horn ; aquatic plants ; green-dressings. 



The application likewise of sand, clay, marl, lime, plaster, 

 wood-ashes, turf-ashes, soot, salt ; the waste of various manufac 

 tures ; mud and street dirt. 



The plants cultivated for bread ; wheat, rye, barley, oats, 

 buckwheat, millet, rice, and the modes of cultivating them. 



For forage, potatoes, beets, turnips, ruta-bagas, carrots, arti 

 chokes, parsnips, beans, cabbage. 



Lucern, lupines, sainfoin, common clover, trifolium incarna- 

 tum, vetches, peas, lentils, and plants for natural meadows and 

 for pasturage. 



