LIBRARY 

 UNIVERSITY OF 



SANTA BARBARA 



PL 



THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENERA CALCARINA, 

 TINOPORUS, AND BACULOGYPSINA AS INDICATED 

 BY RECENT PHILIPPINE MATERIAL. 



By JOSEPH A. CTTSHMAN, 



Of the Boston Society of Natural History. 



During the Albatross Philippine Expedition of the United States 

 Bureau of Fisheries great numbers of shallow- water foraminifera 

 were collected. Those belonging to Calcarina and Tinoporus, as 

 those genera are usually understood, form a considerable amount of 

 material from many stations and hundreds of specimens. The prob- 

 lem of identifying the species represented has not been a simple 

 problem and has involved a review of much of the earlier literature. 

 Much of the difficulty of the problem has centered about the question 

 which other workers have had as to the exact identity of Montfort's 

 genus Tinoporus. 



An indication first of the various species involved and later their 

 generic position will perhaps be the easiest way to present the results. 

 The earliest species is the Nautilus spengleri Gmelin, not Linnaeus, as 

 usually given, as this first appears in the thirteenth edition, 1788, 

 which is Gmelin's, based on the figure given by Spengler in 1781 as 

 " Ammonshorn." This species is now apparently well defined. D'Or- 

 bigny in 1826 referred to it under his genus Calcarina spengleri 

 Gmelin and gives as synonymous Tinoporus baculatus Montfort and 

 Siderolites calcitrapoides Lamarck. No figures are given, but those 

 in the " Planches inedites," published by Fornasini, include all of 

 d'Orbigny's species of the 1826 paper. The figures given in the 

 Challenger Report, H. B. Brady, 1884, give a good idea of the species. 

 It is a lenticular test, biconvex, made up of numerous chambers in a 

 close coiled trochoid spire, developing a secondary skeleton and with 

 a series of blunt spinose processes about the margin of the test taking 

 their origin early in the development of the test and gradually in- 

 creasing in size. The surface is generally smooth or somewhat tuber- 

 culate, especially in the center of the disk at either side, and the 

 spiral condition continues throughout the life history. The spines 

 are smooth except for the channels of the supplementary canals, and 

 are bluntly rounded at the extremities, usually from three to six or 

 more with five or six the usual number. 



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